2008年10月31日星期五

Halloween House


The top ten houses to AVOID while Trick-or Treating.
10. Any house that seems to be imploding into a space-time wormhole.

9. Any house made of food.

8. Any house whose only entrance goes to the basement.

7. Any house where the high tension wires suddenly stop right above it.

6. Any house that has ornamental lawn hyenas.

5. Any house that growls get out.

4. Any house where the furniture seems to be walking across the living room floor.

3. Any house that looks like a giant pulsating orb floating 3 feet off the ground.

2. Any house with various and extremely realistic statues in the front yard of people in odd running away poses.

1. Any house that wasnt there only a minute ago...

Halloween Day


Halloween is one of the oldest holidays with origins going back thousands of years. The holiday we know as Halloween has had many influences from many cultures over the centuries. From the Roman's Pomona Day, to the Celtic festival of Samhain, to the Christian holidays of All Saints and All Souls Days.

Hundreds of years ago in what is now Great Britain and Northern France, lived the Celts. The Celts worshipped nature and had many gods, with the sun god as their favorite. It was "he" who commanded their work and their rest times, and who made the earth beautiful and the crops grow.
The Celts celebrated their New Year on November 1st. It was celebrated every year with a festival and marked the end of the "season of the sun" and the beginning of "the season of darkness and cold."

On October 31st after the crops were all harvested and stored for the long winter the cooking fires in the homes would be extinguished. The Druids, the Celtic priests, would meet in the hilltop in the dark oak forest (oak trees were considered sacred). The Druids would light new fires and offer sacrifices of crops and animals. As they danced around the the fires, the season of the sun passed and the season of darkness would begin.
When the morning arrived the Druids would give an ember from their fires to each family who would then take them home to start new cooking fires. These fires would keep the homes warm and free from evil spirits.

The November 1st festival was called Samhain (pronounced "sow-en"). The festival would last for 3 days. Many people would parade in costumes made from the skins and heads of their animals. This festival would become the first Halloween.

During the first century the Romans invaded Britain. They brought with them many of their festivals and customs. One of these was the festival know as Pomona Day, named for their goddess of fruits and gardens. It was also celebrated around the 1st of November. After hundreds of years of Roman rule the customs of the Celtic's Samhain festival and the Roman Pomona Day mixed becoming 1 major fall holiday.
The next influence came with the spread of the new Christian religion throughout Europe and Britain. In the year 835 AD the Roman Catholic Church would make November 1st a church holiday to honor all the saints. This day was called All Saint's Day, or Hallowmas, or All Hallows. Years later the Church would make November 2nd a holy day. It was called All Souls Day and was to honor the dead. It was celebrated with big bonfires, parades, and people dressing up as saints, angels and devils.

But the spread of Christianity did not make people forget their early customs. On the eve of All Hallows, Oct. 31, people continued to celebrate the festivals of Samhain and Pomona Day. Over the years the customs from all these holidays mixed. October 31st became known as All Hallow Even, eventually All Hallow's Eve, Hallowe'en, and then - Halloween.

The Halloween we celebrate today includes all of these influences, Pomona Day's apples, nuts, and harvest, the Festival of Samhain's black cats, magic, evil spirits and death, and the ghosts, skeletons and skulls from All Saint's Day and All Soul's Day.

2008年10月25日星期六

The 7th Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)


Asia & Europe working together to meet global challenges.


For the past 12 years, the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) has been the main multilateral channel for communication between Asia and Europe, strengthening interaction and mutual understanding between the two regions through dialogue. As one of the four “coordinators” of ASEM, the European Commission underpins the process, notably through an ASEM Dialogue Facility.

2008, an historic enlargement

ASEM will formally admit six new members in 2008: Bulgaria, India, Mongolia, Pakistan, Romania and the ASEAN Secretariat, bringing the membership up to 45 partners. Representing half of the world’s GDP, almost 60% of the world’s population and 60% of global trade, ASEM embraces virtually the whole of Asia and Europe.

ASEM brings together educators and researchers

A key achievement of ASEM is
TEIN (Trans-Eurasia Information Network), the first large-scale research and education network connecting regional researchers in Asia with their counterparts in Europe. Over 60 million users now have access to improved network performance providing mutually beneficial global research collaboration between Asia and Europe.

ASEM brings together lawmakers, businesses and civil society

Civil society groups, parliamentarians and the business community meet at the
Asia Europe People’s Forum, Asia-Europe Parliamentary Partnership and Asia-Europe Business Forum, held every two years alongside ASEM Summits.

ASEM brings together the peoples of Europe and Asia

The Singapore based
Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF) promotes understanding and collaboration between the peoples of Asia and Europe through cultural, intellectual and people-to-people exchanges. The outreach to civil society and the wider public undertaken by ASEF complements the official ASEM dialogues.

Full speeches text of Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao at ASEM7

Dear Colleagues,

Today, leaders of ASEM partners have gathered in Beijing to explore ways for win-win progress through dialogue and cooperation between Asia and Europe. I wish to extend, on behalf of the Chinese Government, warm welcome and sincere greetings to you all.

The spread of worsening international financial crisis has seriously affected world economic growth and stability. Global issues such as energy, food, the environment, natural disasters and poverty have become more pronounced and intertwined. Mankind is facing severe challenges in the pursuit of development. The theme of the meeting - Vision and Action: Towards a Win-Win Solution is highly relevant, as it shows the strong political commitment of ASEM partners to closer cooperation and common development. We will focus our discussions on how to address the international financial crisis and exchange views on international and regional developments, food security, cooperation on disaster relief, sustainable development and dialogue among civilizations in a candid, pragmatic and in-depth manner. We will build consensus, work in a pioneering spirit, and make contribution to ASEM cooperation, world harmony and sustainable development.

The ongoing financial crisis is rarely seen in history. Countries and organizations concerned have taken measures in response, and we hope these measures will produce the desired results soon. To comprehensively resolve and overcome the crisis calls for concerted efforts and global action. Countries in Asia and Europe are an important force for international financial stability and world economic growth. We must work together and show confidence, solidarity and cooperation to the world. I suggest that we make greater efforts in the following aspects:

First, countries should, first and foremost, run their own affairs well. In the face of the crisis, it is important for leaders to act in the fundamental and long-term interests of the people, make decisions in a firm, resolute, responsible and timely manner and use necessary fiscal, monetary and regulatory tools to restore market confidence as soon as possible and maintain economic growth. It is also important to offer proper guidance to public opinion and maintain social stability.

Second, step up coordination and collaboration among governments. The financial departments, central banks and financial regulators around the world should closely follow the development of the crisis and study its trend and impact, enhance information sharing, take effective measures on macroeconomic policy coordination and international financial regulation and increase capacity for jointly fending off financial risks.

Third, intensify regional financial dialogue and cooperation. Members of the Eurozone have reached agreement on the basic principles to tackle the financial crisis. We in Asia are also exploring the possibility of expanding the size of bilateral currency swap arrangements under the 10+3 framework and working to put in place a regional foreign exchange reserves pool at an earlier date. Building on this, Asia and Europe should bring into play their respective advantages and make full use of the existing mechanisms to advance inter-regional financial cooperation on a broader scale.

Fourth, push forward the reform of the international monetary and financial systems. The present crisis has laid bare the weaknesses in the existing international financial system and governance structure. The international community is calling for accelerated reform and the establishment of a fair, just and effective international financial system. I deem it important to do three things in this regard: first, increase the say and representation of developing countries in international financial organizations; second, expand the scope of the regulation of the international financial system, with particular emphasis on strengthening the supervision of the major reserve currency countries; and third, establish a reasonable global financial rescue mechanism.

We should draw serious lessons from the financial crisis and properly handle three relationships. First, the relationship between financial innovation and regulation. We should advance financial innovation in a steady manner according to needs and possibilities and at the same time strengthen financial regulation. Second, the relationship between virtual and real economy. We should always place importance on the development of real economy and put the economy on a solid and reliable basis. In addition, we should coordinate virtual economy with real economy and enable the former to better serve the latter. Third, the relationship between savings and consumption. We should see to it that consumption and savings are well-coordinated.

At present, the fundamentals of the Chinese economy are sound. China has maintained a GDP growth rate of 9.9% in the first three quarters of the year. The international financial crisis has some impact on China's financial sector and the Chinese economy, but the impact is limited and can be managed. The Chinese Government will follow a flexible and prudent macroeconomic policy to resolutely maintain economic and financial stability and the stability of the capital market and ensure steady and relatively fast economic growth. I am confident that we will achieve our goals. This will be China's most significant and effective response to the crisis and also our biggest contribution to the world.

Dear Colleagues,
In the era of growing globalization, countries are becoming more and more interdependent. This is especially true with Asian and European countries, which share one continent. We should stick to the right approach of dialogue and cooperation for win-win progress and make ASEM more effective, pragmatic and open so as to bring benefits to the people and lift Asia-Europe cooperation to a new height.


- Strengthen political dialogue and maintain peace and stability in Asia and Europe. There can be no durable development and prosperity without peace. We should keep to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, resolve differences and disputes through dialogue and consultation, advance multilateralism, promote democracy, harmony, coordination and win-win progress and work for the building of a harmonious world.

- Deepen business cooperation and promote economic growth. Economic development constitutes an important basis for the resolution of global issues. Given the current financial crisis, it is of particular importance to prevent trade and investment protectionism. We should strengthen trade and investment cooperation between countries in Asia and Europe, implement the ASEM Trade Facilitation Action Plan and Investment Promotion Action Plan, intensify consultation and coordination and work for early progress in the Doha Round negotiations. To further promote trade between Asia and Europe, China proposes that we explore the possibility of establishing a multilateral cooperation mechanism for ASEM trade security and facilitation to create enabling conditions for trade growth between the two regions.

- Put people first and pursue sustainable development. We should actively promote international development cooperation, redouble efforts in poverty reduction, provide more assistance to developing countries within our regions and strive for the achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals on schedule. We should adhere to the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities", carry out international cooperation on climate change in keeping with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol, and implement the "Bali Roadmap". We should strengthen technological cooperation to improve energy efficiency and conserve energy. We should promote social harmony by upholding justice and equity and ensure that the benefits of development are shared by all the people. In order to achieve sustainable development of Asian and European cities, China proposes the establishment of an ASEM Eco-City Network to facilitate exchange of experience and promote the concept of conservation culture.

- Maintain food security and promote cooperation on disaster relief. We should place high importance on agriculture, accord food security greater priority in our development policies and adopt integrated mid-to-long-term measures to raise agricultural productivity. We should intensify international coordination to curb excessive speculation, improve the food trading system and establish a fair and equitable international trading order for agricultural products. We should step up cooperation in disaster reduction and relief to minimize the risk of disasters and their damages. To this end, we wish to put forward an initiative on ASEM Cooperation on Disaster Relief Capacity Building to strengthen cooperation on disaster reduction and management among Asian and European countries.

- Promote dialogue among civilizations and build open and inclusive societies. Only by being open and inclusive can a country prosper and can our continent prosper. We should build on the tradition of cultural exchanges between Asia and Europe, take advantage of modern transport and information technologies to enrich the contents and diversify the forms of exchanges and increase the participation of the young people and the media. With this in mind, China proposes that countries in Asia and Europe take turns to host the ASEM Culture and Arts Festival.

Dear Colleagues,

This year marks the 30th anniversary of China's reform and opening-up program. In the past 30 years, China has engaged in dialogue and cooperation and achieved win-win progress with the rest of the world. Reform and opening-up have transformed China's political, economic and social outlook, significantly enhanced its overall national strength, and integrated the Chinese economy more closely with that of the region and the world. China has been playing a more active and extensive role in the settlement of international hotspot issues, UN peacekeeping operations, cooperation on poverty alleviation and disaster reduction and international social and cultural exchanges. Reform and opening-up have not only brought enormous benefits to the Chinese people but also offered tremendous opportunities for and instilled vitality in global development. We will remain committed to the path of peaceful development, unswervingly pursue reform and opening-up, adhere to an independent foreign policy of peace, and work tirelessly for the noble cause of peace, cooperation and development of mankind.

In our efforts to fight against the earthquake disaster and host the Beijing Olympic Games, we were committed to opening-up and international cooperation, and received broad understanding, support and assistance. On behalf of the Chinese Government and people, I wish to take this opportunity to express sincere gratitude to our ASEM partners and the entire international community.

Dear Colleagues,

ASEM's development in the past twelve years shows that exchanges lead to progress, mutual benefit sustains cooperation and win-win progress ensures a bright future. Reviewing the past, we feel encouraged by our achievements. Looking forward, we are fully aware of our heavy responsibilities and the challenges ahead. Let us strengthen our conviction that with dialogue and cooperation, we can achieve mutual benefit and win-win progress. Let us work together to overcome challenges and write an even more splendid chapter in the annals of Asia-Europe cooperation.

Thank you.

2008年10月17日星期五

Firefox 3




Features


One-Click Bookmarking
Bookmark, search and organize Web sites quickly and easily.
Improved Performance
View Web pages faster, using less of your computer’s memory.
Smart Location Bar
Find the sites you love in seconds—enter a term for instant matches that make sense.
Instant Web Site ID
Avoid online scams, unsafe transactions and forgeries with simple site identity.
Full Zoom
See any part of a Web page, up close and readable, in seconds.
Platform-Native Look & Feel
Browse with a Firefox that’s integrated into your computer’s operating system.
Password Manager
Remember site passwords without ever seeing a pop-up.

Security & Privacy

Instant Web Site ID
Want to be extra sure about a site’s legitimacy before you make a purchase? Click on a site favicon for an instant identity overview. Another click digs deeper: how many times have you visited? Are your passwords saved? Check up on suspicious sites, avoid Web forgeries and make sure a site is what it claims to be.

Anti-Malware

Firefox 3 protects you from viruses, worms, trojan horses and spyware. If you accidentally access an attack site, you’ll receive a full-sized browser message as a warning. A continuously updated list of attack-sites tells us when to stop you from browsing, so there’s nothing for you to update or maintain.


Anti-Phishing
Shop and do business safely on the Internet. Firefox gets a fresh update of web forgery sites 48 times in a day, so if you try to visit a fraudulent site that’s pretending to be a site you trust (like your bank), a browser message—big as life—will stop you.


Parental Controls
Enforce parental control settings you’ve entered on Windows Vista with Firefox 3—stop unwanted downloads and more. Firefox’s intuitive design keeps you from second-guessing your setup.


Anti-Virus Software
Firefox 3 integrates elegantly with your antivirus software. When you download a file, your computer’s antivirus program automatically checks it to protect you against viruses and other malware, which could otherwise attack your computer. [available in Windows only]


Add-ons
Firefox looks for a secure connection before installing or updating add-ons, 3rd party software, and Personas.


Password Manager
We’ve seamlessly integrated this feature into your surfing experience. Choose to “remember” site passwords without intrusive pop-ups. Now you’ll see the “remember password” notification integrated into your view at the top of the site page.


Clear Private Data
Clear your private data automatically—with just one click or a keyboard shortcut. Your info is gone for good—on your own computer or the one at your local library. It’s that easy.


Customized Security Settings
Control the level of scrutiny you’d like Firefox to give a site and enter exceptions—sites that don’t need the third degree. Customize settings for passwords, cookies, loading images and installing add-ons for a fully empowered Web experience.
Automated Update
Our open-source security strategy lets us find—and fix—security issues in record time, making Firefox the safest way to surf. Install upgrades when you receive automatic notification or wait until you’re ready.


Pop-Up Blocker
Banish pop-ups (and pop-under windows) from your surfing experience once and for all. Or, find a happy medium—choose to view blocked pop-ups or create an “allow” list of sites whose pop-ups you’re okay with seeing.

Customization

Add-ons Manager
You can now find and install add-ons directly in your browser. You no longer need to visit the add-ons Web site, simply fire up the new Add-ons Manager. Not sure which add-on is right for you? Ratings, recommendations, descriptions and pictures of the add-ons in action help you make your selection. The fully integrated Add-ons Manager even lets you view, manage and disable third-party add-ons in a few easy clicks.


Over 5,000 ways to customize
The sky’s the limit with a growing library of over 5,000 Firefox Add-ons, little extras you choose to download and install for a browser that works your way. Manage online auctions, upload digital photos, see the weather forecast in a glance and listen to music all from the convenience of your browser. There’s no need to open a new window or tab for each task. Discover add-ons that help you streamline coding and Web development, like Firebug, which lets you look deep into the structure of a web page.


Browser Look & Feel
Dress up your browser as you like it. With themes, choose a darkened control panel reminiscent of a space ship, faux wood paneling, or hundreds of other unique looks to surround your surfing. With Personas, add a simple, lightweight “skin” to your browser in an instant.


Beyond Add-ons
Add-ons are the cornerstone of customization, but adapting Firefox to suit your style doesn’t stop there. You can add new search engines, change toolbar preferences, display different sizes, shapes and styles for your browser’s navigation buttons and more. With additional preferences, you can specify a Web mail client, such as Gmail, to open up when you click on an address from a Web page or set up a news reader application for the blogs you encounter.

Tips & Tricks

Go Directly to Your Favorite Sites
You can add keywords to your bookmarks for easier and faster access. From the Library, just add a short keyword in the keyword field, and you’ll be able to access that bookmark by simply typing that keyword into the address bar. For example, you could give your del.icio.us account the “links” keyword, and from then on simply typing “links” into the address bar will take you right there.

Create Smart Folders
If you’re an advanced Web surfer who frequently needs to save and track a variety of specific sites, here’s a useful time-saver: using Firefox 3’s Library, you can create and save searches into folders that are then automatically updated as you add sites to your bookmarks and history.
First, open the Library by selecting the "Organize Bookmarks" option from the Bookmarks menu. Then, enter your search terms in the search box. Then click the Save button to create a Smart Folder.

Manage Your Downloads
If you’re a frequent downloader, you can use the download manager window to keep track of all your downloads. You can pause and resume downloads, and save yourself time by opening files directly from the manager.
If you need to track down a past download, go to Tools → Downloads and use the search box to find your file. Once you’ve found it, double-click on the file to open it, or right-click and choose "Copy Download Link".

Discover Developer Tools
If you’re a Web developer, Firefox’s developer tools will make your life easier. The Mozilla Add-ons site offers many tools to streamline the development process, including Firebug to edit, debug, and monitor CSS, HTML, and JavaScript live in any Web page, Tamper Data to view and modify HTTP/HTTPS headers and POST parameters, and the DOM Inspector to examine any HTML or CSS element with a simple right click.

Set the Web Up Just Like You Like It
Now you can use Web-based protocol handlers to provide quick access to your favorite Web applications. For example, you can set Firefox up so clicking on a mailto: link on any site will open a new message in your preferred webmail provider rather than your computer’s default mail program (note: this feature is only available with webmail services that have registered with Firefox 3).
Go to Tools → Options → Applications to select the default application for each protocol or to select “Always Ask” if you prefer to choose the application yourself every time.

If you’re a Web app developer, check out more about how to add support for Web-based protocol handlers in the Mozilla Developer Center.

Windows Vista Black Edition 2009 SP1

Windows Vista Black Edition 2009 SP1



Platform: Windows
Compilation Date: 17.07.2008
Author: Benjamin
Size: 4.2GB
Activation Needed: No
CD-Key: N/A
Architecture : 32-Bit
Total Parts: 200 x 21 = 4200MB

Note: Start a Fresh installation from the DVD and install in a separate partition. Don't start the installation from your previous Windows.

Minimum System requirements:

* 1GB RAM
* 20 GB of Hard Drive space
* 128 MB Graphics Memory (To enable Aero)
* 17'inch Monitor (1024 X 76
* DVD-ROM
* Above Pentium 4 Processor
* Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware
* 32 bits per pixel

This Operating system is purely designed from Genuine Vista Ultimate by Benjamin. It will be more comfortable, faster and reliable when compared to other vista operating systems. All the error which the user faced in vista ultimate are fixed and tweaked. New hot fixes, updates and the Vista SP1 package are integrated. All the dream scene packs are activated. The Dolby digital plugins are also integrated for more fun with musics. New windows sounds, New Gadgets, New Login screen, New Default theme and more…. You can install any hardware without any problem, all the hardware errors are fixed. Just install this Black Edition 2009 and start your work. No need of installing any 3rd party softwares by searching the CD’s or DVD’s. All the softwares which you need to run quickly after installing a OS are inside.

Note: Start a Fresh installation from the DVD and install in a separate partition. Dont start the installation from your Previous windows.

* New Windows Sounds
* No more BSOD error screens
* All Windows Ultimate Extras Integrated
* New Default Theme
* 310 Sidebar Gadgets
* 30 Video Dreamescene Packs
* New Logon Screensaver added
* New Login Screen
* New Look for windows media center
* Registry Tweaks are added( Copy to, Move to, Command Prompt, Take ownership, Encrypt and more)
* Maximum parallel downloads for IE to 20 (Default is 2)
* New Updated graphics card drivers are integrated.
* New Explorer View
* Patched Uxtheme files so u can use any 3rd party themes
* Classic Control Panel
* DirectX Updated
* All Chipset Drivers
* All Printers Drivers (Updated)
* All Graphics card drivers (Updated)
* All Sound Card Drivers (Updated)
* All SCSI-RAID Drivers (Updated)
* All Scanners Drivers
* Resolved some reliability issues in the USB core components
* Added hotfix for resolving some performance and reliability issues
* Improved the reliability of Windows Media Player
* Resolved an issue where messages become stuck in the Outbox and cannot be deleted when using
Windows Mail
* Resolved a set of known application compatibility issues

Drivers Which are missed in Vista by default are fixed:

* Graphics card drivers for
Intel(R) G31 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G33 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G35 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G965 Express Chipset
Intel(R) Q33 Express Chipset
Intel(R) Q35 Express Chipset
Intel(R) Q963 Express Chipset
Intel(R) Q965 Express Chipset
Intel(R) 4 Series Internal Chipset
Intel(R) Q45/Q43 Express Chipset
Intel(R) Q45/Q43 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G45/G43 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G45/G43 Express Chipset
Intel(R) G41 Express Chipset
Mobile Intel(R) 45 Express Chipset Family
Mobile Intel(R) GL960 Express Chipset
Mobile Intel(R) GLE960 Express Chipset
Mobile Intel(R) GM965 Express Chipset
Mobile Intel(R) GME965 Express Chipset

For other models which is lower than these models wil be automatically installed by default.

* Graphics card drivers for
NVIDIA GeForce 9800 GX2
NVIDIA GeForce 9800 GTX
NVIDIA GeForce 9600 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 9600 GSO
NVIDIA GeForce 9400 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 9300 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 9300 GE
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 Ultra
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GTX
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GTS 512
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GTS
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 8600 GTS
NVIDIA GeForce 8600 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 8600 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 8500 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 8400 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 8400 SE
NVIDIA GeForce 8400
NVIDIA GeForce 8300 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 8300
NVIDIA GeForce 8200
NVIDIA GeForce 8200/NVIDIA nForce 730a
NVIDIA GeForce 8100/NVIDIA nForce 720a
NVIDIA GeForce 7950 GX2
NVIDIA GeForce 7950 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 7900 GTX
NVIDIA GeForce 7900 GT/GTO
NVIDIA GeForce 7900 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7800 SLI
NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GTX
NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7650 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7600 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 7600 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7600 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 7500 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 7350 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 7300 SE
NVIDIA GeForce 7300 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 7300 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 7300 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7200 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7100 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 7150 / NVIDIA nForce 630i
NVIDIA GeForce 7100 / NVIDIA nForce 630i
NVIDIA GeForce 7100 / NVIDIA nForce 620i
NVIDIA GeForce 7050 / NVIDIA nForce 630i
NVIDIA GeForce 7050 / NVIDIA nForce 610i
NVIDIA GeForce 7050 PV / NVIDIA nForce 630a
NVIDIA GeForce 7025 / NVIDIA nForce 630a
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 XT
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 XE
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 Ultra
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 Series GPU
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 GS/XT
NVIDIA GeForce 6800 GS
NVIDIA GeForce 6800
NVIDIA GeForce 6700 XL
NVIDIA GeForce 6610 XL
NVIDIA GeForce 6600 VE
NVIDIA GeForce 6600 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 6600 GT
NVIDIA GeForce 6600
NVIDIA GeForce 6500
NVIDIA GeForce 6250
NVIDIA GeForce 6200SE TurboCache™
NVIDIA GeForce 6200 TurboCache™
NVIDIA GeForce 6200 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 6200 A-LE
NVIDIA GeForce 6200
NVIDIA GeForce 6150SE nForce 430
NVIDIA GeForce 6150 LE
NVIDIA GeForce 6150
NVIDIA GeForce 6100 nForce 420
NVIDIA GeForce 6100 nForce 405
NVIDIA GeForce 6100 nForce 400
NVIDIA GeForce 6100

Note: I did not included graphics driver for NVIDIA Geforce 200 series because the drivers is still in Beta lol.

Programs:

* 7-Zip
* Mozilla
* K-Lite Codecs 3.95 Full
* System Utilities
* Image Burn
* CCleaner
* Office 2003
* Vista Codecs
* XVID codecs
* Dolby Digital Surround Plugins
* Cyberlink Power DVD 8
* Avast Professional Edition v4.8
* Damn NFO Viewer
* Spyware Doctor v5.5
* Zoner Photo Studio 10
* Power ISO 4
* Yahoo messenger for Vista Black
* Ashampoo Music Studio
* Screen Capture
* Star Codecs
* Norton Ghost 14
* Ultra ISO 9
* Real Player 11 Gold Plus
* All Codecs for Windows Media Player 2008

Home buying tips

House hunting? Buying a property advertised as “For sale by owner” can save you money. But you have to be careful guiding your own transaction: it takes work, and some sage advice. Here’s what you need to know.



Ask Bold Questions
When you’re ready to visit houses, don’t be shy. Ask outright why the owners are moving and what the neighbours are like, suggests LeBlanc. But be aware that “they don’t have to tell you,” warns CanEquity Mortgage president Anthony De Almeida.

“The most important question is: Has there been any damage to the home?” says De Almeida. Sellers may be aware of problems that are “hidden from view”—like unreliable wiring, a basement flood one spring or persistent mold temporarily wiped clean. While sellers are legally obliged to disclose certain defects, the rules differ from one province to the next and “not everyone knows the rules, especially if it’s a private sale,” he adds. Contact your provincial real-estate regulatory agency to find out what the disclosure rules are where you live.

When making an offer, be sure to specify a closing date (usually within 30 to 60 days of signing) and what you expect to be included in the sale—appliances and fixtures, for example. In a hot market “don’t hold back: make your offer quickly, and be flexible,” says LeBlanc. “If the sellers have children and want to wait until the end of the school year to move, can you wait the extra month or two?”

If so, tell them. It might make your offer more attractive than other, higher offers.

Worth the Price?

When should you walk away? When the seller stalls or won’t cooperate on a house inspection, or can’t be firm about a closing date. Or when the seller suggests doing anything odd with the numbers: inflating or deflating the price and having you pay more than what’s written in the agreement, for instance.

If the seller suggests an ultra-fast closing of, say, 10 days, find out why, says De Almeida. Ditto if they refuse an inspection. “If you have no professional representing you, you have to be more careful,” he advises. “The seller must provide ample time” for the buyer to learn about the property.

When it’s time to close the deal, consult a mortgage broker to get the best interest rate. They take your mortgage application to 25 banks, which compete for your mortgage. LeBlanc says that it can save you two to five percent throughout years of payments.

Those savings easily finance the real estate lawyer you’ll need to hire. The lawyer checks for liens, verifies ownership and facilitates the transfer of the property.

Ready, set, research

Once you're ready to take the plunge, figure out what you can afford. Many lenders prefer that your housing costs -- mortgage, property taxes and homeowners insurance -- amount to no more than 33% of your monthly gross income, but some will go much, much higher.

If you're buying in an inflated market, a fixer-upper is a good choice. (See "7 creative ways to buy your first house.")
You can buy anything from slum dwellings to upscale homes if you're looking into the foreclosure market. Don't count on massive cost savings. (See "The safest ways to buy foreclosures.")
Select an experienced, full-time real-estate agent before you begin your search. Ask friends and family for referrals. Check newspapers and Web sites to see which agents are working hard to market homes.

Interview at least three agents. Contact references and verify the agents' record of integrity with the state licensing board.
Realtors -- agents who are members of the National Association of Realtors -- must abide by a code of ethics. Realtors also have access to the Multiple Listing Service.
Make sure you can work with your agent. The average home shopper looks at 15 houses before buying.
Know who your real-estate agent represents. Unless you have a buyer's agent, your agent will be working for the seller.
Shop for a loan.

Compare the APR -- annual percentage rate -- detailing the interest and fees you'll be charged to get the loan. Those who participate in first-time-homebuyer programs should beware. Is the loan officer paid a commission after steering you to a particular program? You can get a rough idea of what you monthly payments will be by using a mortgage calculator.
Compile a home wish list. How many bedrooms do you need? Are good schools and access to public transportation priorities? Do you need a large fenced yard?

Most people purchase a single-family home. Other options are available, like condominiums, tenancy in common (see "Tenancy in common questions and answers"), stock cooperatives and co-housing. (See "Co-housing.")
When you find your dream home, do more homework.

Talk to residents about what they like and don't like about the neighborhood.
Observe traffic patterns.
Check the zoning on vacant lots.
Ask your real-estate agent for a written comparative market analysis to see if the asking price is fair.

More steps for your protection
If you're satisfied, it's time to present an offer listing the purchase price, earnest money, the closing and move-in dates and other details. You can offer less than the asking price, but be careful.

Once negotiations are complete, take several steps before you go to closing, the final meeting where you sign documents and take possession of the house.

Get a home inspection, preferably by a member of the American Society of Home Inspectors. Attend the inspection and read the report. If the home has problems, ask the seller to agree in writing to make the repairs.
Compare rates for homeowners insurance. An additional policy is needed for a home in a flood zone or earthquake-prone area.
A home warranty may make sense if you're buying an older home. Read the fine print to learn what the policy will cover. Note that warranty companies prefer to repair rather than replace broken items. (See "A home warranty is no guarantee.")
If you're planning to sell your house, keep the following in mind:

Set a reasonable asking price. If the price is too high, your home won't compare well with similarly priced houses, and you won't even get shoppers, let alone a buyer.
Hundreds spent on landscaping, paint and deep cleaning can add to its value by thousands. (See "Speed your home sale with these fast fix-ups.") Bake cookies before you show your home.
Make sure your real-estate agent has a detailed marketing plan that includes Internet exposure. Or explore ways to reduce the agent's commission. (See "3 ways to pay lower real-estate commissions.")
Desperate to sell your house but now owe more than you can get? Persuade your lender to take a "short sale."

2008年9月25日星期四

Chinese Stereotypes

What Line?


One interesting observation about Chinese people is that they don't seem to believe in waiting on line. It is always a race to the front unless waiting is strictly enforced. For example, take New York City's Grand Street & Canal Street train stations both located in the heart of New York City's Chinatown. These stations are always filled with Chinese people. During anytime of the day, if you find yourself on one of these platforms, you must brace yourself as the train pulls in to the station because it is complete chaos once the train doors separate.

Some Chinese people have gotten the science of "Being First" to a T. It all starts with the art of "boxing out" once the train becomes visible. Basically, everyone will start to inch closer and closer to the edge of the platform and elbows will start to "outline" personal territories in front of the doors. Even if you are fortunate enough to be standing exactly in front of the doors, it won't matter because within seconds some middle-aged Chinese lady with 50 red bags of groceries (a sure sign of the Chinese, remember red is lucky) will miraculously find a spot in front of you, ignoring your presence and the fact that you were there first. The funny thing is I don't think she feels she has done anything wrong and maybe she is just so focused that she can not even see me.

When the doors finally pull open, it is utter chaos. The mob will start to rush in even though passengers are trying to get out. It is so severe that I have witnessed more than a few instances where people were not able to get off until the next stop thus having to take another train backwards! For those successful in rushing in first, it all becomes a game of musical chairs, but instead of say 5 chairs for 6 players, there is usually 1 seat left and 20 people wanting to play. You can only imagine what's going to happen.

So next time you find yourself on Grand or Canal Street -- tired and hoping for a seat-- Get those elbows ready and GOOD LUCK


Dishwashers = Dish Closet


Chinese people are notorious for not adapting to common household conveniences. One such convenience, available in most homes and condos being sold today, is the dishwasher. The main reason why Chinese people don't use dishwashers is because they can hand wash dishes, so "if it ain't broke, don't fix it". The same reasoning goes for dryers, food processors, juicers and breadmakers.

Another reason for not using technological advances in everyday activities, perhaps more significant than the first, is the Chinese thrift factor. Chinese people are savers by nature and having to shell out for dishwashing tablets, electricity, gas (for the dryer component) and excess water is just too much. Especially since the alternative, hand washing, wiping and air drying, is effective enough. Most dishwashers, including my own, is used mainly for storing dishes and perhaps to air out some wet dishes after a good hand washing.

So for the Chinese, an image of a dishwasher will always be a nice pair of hands (with or without rubber gloves).


Chinese People ARE Good at Math


Pythagorean theorem, 2x + 6 = 30, isosceles triangles. Terms that bring a sense of nostalgia to Chinese people all over the US. It brings back such good memories because math was something I, in fact almost every Chinese person I know, was always good at. Just think back to your junior high school or high school math classes and you'll soon realize that this popular stereotype is actually true (of course, this only applies to schools that have Chinese students). We just have a thing for numbers. If you take all the SAT scores for Chinese people in the US, I would not be surprised if 95% of those scores had a higher math score when compared to verbal. Math always seemed intuitive and easy. It always just made sense. Whether it is algebra, geometry, trigonometry or even calculus, we find it equally unchallenging. Maybe the Chinese are genetically predisposed to excel in math? It is hard to find reasons not to think so.

I can still remember when my parents used to look at my high school calculus textbook and scoff at how this level of math was being taught in middle schools all over China. This usually progressed into a tirade on the slack educational system in the US and how the kids in China are getting a much better education. I've always wondered what type of math Chinese students would be doing in college if they studied calculus during middle school. To this day I still don't know, if you can shed any light on this, please do so in the comments section of this article.


Outwardly Unaffectionate Among Family


Every since I was a child, I would watch shows like Growing Pains and Charles in Charge and wonder why my family wasn't as warm and affectionate as those I see on TV. To this day I have not told my parents that "I love them", not because I do not care for them but rather because it would make everyone feel awkward. This goes for my siblings as well. I have other Chinese friends who have similar experiences so I figure it must be a Chinese cultural thing.


Like I said before, it is not that the parents don't like their kids or vice versa but rather family love is expressed differently in Chinese society. The way Chinese parents show that they love their kids is by cooking huge meals or catering to their needs. My dad and I have never hugged or reciprocated verbal expressions of love but every time I come home for dinner, there is a feast of my favorite foods waiting for me. Another popular sign of affection among the Chinese, is a phenomenon I call chauffeuring. I have noticed that Chinese parents make up for a bulk of the people waiting in cars outside of schools and workplaces where there are Chinese people.


An interesting observation related to awkwardness towards public displays of affection is whenever the entire family is watching TV or a movie and a sex scene comes on, I will usually try to remove myself from the room or somehow change the channel. It doesn't even have to contain nudity, the suggestions of raunchy action is enough to make things extremely awkward. Even to this day, when I visit my parents, I become extremely uncomfortable when such scenes come on the TV.

Of course Americanized Chinese households might have a different experience but I believe embedded in Chinese tradition is a type of unspoken taboo against public displays of affection. Although expressions of affection has its place, I personally enjoy the way things are now (no outward displays of affection among my family) and would be completely mortified if my parents all of a sudden became more like Mr. and Mrs. Seaver.


ABCs vs FOBs


The epic battle between ABCs (American Born Chinese) and FOBs (Fresh Off the Boat) have been going on ever since I can remember. Racism within one's ethnic group somehow always seems to be more widespread than those from people outside the ethnic group (Chris Rock's famous Black People vs. N@&&$$! stand up bit). When Chinese kids in America become teenagers, they are forced to choose a side, either ABC or FOB, each group extremely critical of the other. The bitterness of the rivalries are pretty strong but lessens dramatically with age as people from both groups mature and focus on other things.

ABCs are embarrassed by FOBs and use the term in a very derogatory way. If you do something embarrassingly Chinese, you're a FOB. FOBs make fun of the fact that ABCs can't speak Chinese despite the fact that they are Chinese. They don't understand why ABCs tend to act so "white" or so "black". Their mutual dislike for each other explains why ABCs and FOBs rarely coexist in the same cliques.

The major distinction between ABCs and FOBs is their ability to speak English. If you prefer to speak Chinese during casual conversation and when you do use English it is with an accent, you are almost immediately identified as a FOB even if you have the most Americanized lifestyle or you have been living in the United States for decades. ABCs on the other hand speak English almost exclusively even when someone is speaking to them in Chinese. For those who do understand Chinese, it is very limited and contains almost no Chinese colloquial sayings. They are also pretty ignorant to most Chinese cultural events and holidays.

These days it is easier to recognize ABCs and FOBs by outward appearances. Hair is probably the best way to differentiate between the two groups. FOBs have very funky hairstyles mimicking those of Japanese and Korean teens who mimic the hairstyles of anime and video game characters. Their hair is usually long and requires high maintenance. ABCs usually have more traditional spiky hair, mohawks or Italian style blowouts. Their hair is usually short and clean cut.

Clothes is another good way to tell ABCs and FOBs apart. Most FOBs like to wear Japanese-style funky clothing. Male FOBs sport the Hong Kong Superstar metrosexual look while female FOBs enjoy wearing striped shirts with overalls and other Japanese inspired looks. ABCs tend to dress in more Americanized styles either reflecting the "hip-hop" clothing style, Abercrombie and Fitch style, Performance Gear (North Face and Nike) style or the young professional styles found at Express and Banana Republic. Although clothing and hairstyles are a good way to distinguish between FOBs and ABCs, their ability to speak English is still the most accurate.

There is much peer pressure against ABC-FOB relationships. ABCs will usually never date a FOB no matter how attractive they are because the peer pressure is usually too great. Those that do date, either do so in secret, or isolate themselves from both groups. This is similar to the forbidden love found in Romeo and Juliet without the tragic ending.

Last interesting topic - Crossovers. Crossovers are Chinese young adults that were born or raised at a young age in the USA but love Chinese culture or FOBs that have crossed over to become very Americanized. Crossovers speak perfect English but love Chinese music and are knowledgeable about Chinese traditions and culture (food, holidays, Chinese soup). They can also read and write Chinese and have many FOB like tendencies. To ABCs, crossovers may be considered FOBs although they are always thrown off when they speak English. The only criteria for a successful crossover for FOBs is to get rid of their accents.

This internal division among Chinese Americans will probably persist for ages to come. Which side are you on?


Bill for Dinner, Round 1, Fight!


If you ever go to a Chinese restaurant for dinner and take a look around, I am positive that you will see at least one table where people are wrestling for the check. This may seem paradoxical since Chinese people are usually pretty frugal (check out the Dishwasher Article) but in Chinese culture, there is one thing that trumps all other Chinese-related behavior. For the Chinese it is all about "face" (面子, pronounced mian zi in mandarin and Meen Ji in Cantonese). Treating for dinner makes you the BMATT (Big Man at the Table) and you are usually showered with thanks and appreciation after the rival part concedes. The fights are especially fierce among parents of children who are dating. Distant relatives or adult acquaintances dining together also have their fair share of check wrestling. Most of the time the battle is between the main "representative" of each group or family, which is usually the father although these duties may be handled by the oldest son/daughter.

So what is the best way to secure the bill? The most common and popular strategy to secure the bill is to grab it from the waiter's/waitresses' hand and then immediately put the check behind your back while fending off the other arms trying to grab for the check. Another more effective strategy is to just approach the cashier and pay for the bill before the dinner ends during one of your "bathroom breaks". For me, I personally like to just sit and watch the action and wait for my chance to shower my appreciation and thanks on the victorious party. Although as I become older and have my own family, I'm sure I will have my share of "end of dinner at a Chinese restaurant" battles.

Good luck to all the people fighting to pay for dinner (what a weird blessing)! May the tips in this article give you the upper hand at your next fight for the bill.


Practical Jobs


Chinese families have always placed a heavy emphasis on practical jobs. Chinese parents just can't understand college majors that don't lead to "successful" jobs. Occupations fitting the mold are Doctors, Lawyers, Engineers, Computer Science/Programmer, Pharmacists and Finance/Business related jobs. Technical schools such as those for Architecture, Hotel/Restaurant Management and Dentistry are also accepted. College majors that traditional Chinese parents and relatives understand are pre-med, economics, business, math and any type of engineering or physical science related major.

Naturally this would lead to ignorance and disdain for the more "useless" liberal arts majors such as sociology, Asian studies, any languages, art, performing arts, history, etc. Chinese people can't understand majors that do not translate into a practical job. If you have a liberal arts major, the best way to save yourself the trouble of having to explain to the older traditional Chinese is to say you are going to become a lawyer. Being a Spanish major means nothing to Chinese parents but being a Spanish major with the intent of going to Law School is infinitely more respectable (in Chinese eyes of course, no offense to Spanish majors).

Although this may seem ridiculous to some, just look at the percentage of Chinese people for each major and I guarantee that it will be heavily skewed to the more "practical" majors. If you are Chinese, just look at what major you and your other Chinese friends chose to pursue. I'm pretty Americanized yet my major was Chemistry and Economics during college and most of the Chinese people I knew were engineers, math, economics or in physical science majors.

One thing that ranks higher than obtaining practical jobs on the Chinese list of priorities is the stability and safety of a certain occupation. Chinese parents love their children and they also expect them to take care of them when they become old (more on this in another article) so any job that may have inherent risks and dangers are frowned upon. Positions that are consider dangerous and/or heavily frowned upon are policemen, firemen, inner city teachers and positions that pay solely on commission (including freelance work) and have no health benefits.

Perhaps one day, Chinese people will break out of this mold and accept more liberal arts majors but having many of these beliefs hard-wired into our system, I wouldn't hold my breath.


C.R.E.A.M. - Dolla Dolla Bill Y'all


The Wu Tang Clan must have been singing about their Chinese roots when they released C.R.E.A.M. (Cash Rule Everything Around Me) because most Chinese prefer to deal in cash. Chinese people truly dislike borrowing money and being indebted to someone because it is embarrassing and it makes them seem weak. There is a general mistrust of credit among the Chinese which is exemplified in these Chinese proverbs:


"A good debt is not as good as no debt"

"Free from debt is free from care"
Another good reason for exclusively using cash is the power cash has when haggling and negotiating prices for consumer goods and services. Chinese people can't resist bargains and discounts so naturally they would gravitate towards cash (Try bargaining with a credit or debit card). A third reason is that many Chinese immigrant workers get paid in cash, so in order to avoid leaving a "paper trail" come tax time, they solely use cash. If they use credit/debit cards or checks, it is easy to figure out exactly how much they are spending.

I am sure there are many other reasons but whatever the reasons, in the eyes of the Chinese, Cash is King.


Avoidance of Confrontation


Some people love looking for and starting trouble, Chinese people on the other hand strive hard to avoid confrontations AT ALL COSTS. You would be hard pressed to see a Chinese person asking for a store's managers or raising his/her voice in public when they are wronged. Usually Chinese people just "let things go" and go on with their merry lives. This non-confrontational attitude has its pros and cons. On the one hand, being passive avoids huge escalations or time consuming arguments. On the other hand, this passiveness can be taken advantage of as Chinese people become known as being pushovers. This would explain the "Chinese (Asian) Workhorse" phenomenon of any non-Chinese firm. Let's take a look at why Chinese people hate confrontations:

Reasons Why the Chinese are Non-Confrontational

Chinese People Dislike Scrutiny - Most Chinese people are known to engage in somewhat questionable activities such as bootlegging and tax evasion (Chinese people live in a CASH dominated society) so naturally they prefer to stay in the shadows.
Not Worth the Trouble - In addition to disliking scrutiny, Chinese people hate it when other people get into their business. They like to minimize the amount of people involved even if it is the costlier alternative. For Example: If you ever get into a car accident with a Chinese person, most likely they would like to handle the situation without calling the police and without involving the insurance companies. Many times this may prove to be more expensive than the increase in their insurance premium.
Xenophobic - In America, Chinese people will avoid confrontation with foreigners at all costs. In general, the Chinese don't like dealing with foreigners (Chinese people hate teaching things to the "Gwai Lo" - Cantonese for foreigner).

Our Upbringing - My parents dislike confrontation and so did my parents' parents. I was always raised to not make a fuss and just "let it go" so naturally that is what I am inclined to do.
Losing Face and Embarrassment - Generally, it is considered embarrassing to cause a scene. All confrontations should be done behind closed doors. To "act a fool" in public will cause your a loss of face for you and your family which is taboo among traditional Chinese people.

Let's face it, Chinese people are non confrontational. Next time, there is a public confrontation, it is safe to say, Chinese people aren't involved (unless it's in Chinatown).


Light Skin Beautites---Paler the Better


I recently made a trip to China and was exposed to a phenomenon that surprised me. Chinese people find light skin tones infinitely more attractive than darker ones. This seemed strange to me since everyone I know in the US is always trying to get a nice tan and people who are pale are usually considered "not as attractive" and "unhealthy". As every major city in the US is infested with tanning salons, I did not see any while I was in China.

This phenomenon is also evident in the realm of beauty products where many American products are geared towards "bronzing" the skin while Chinese beauty products usually aim to whiten the skin. When I met up with my relatives in China, they immediately mentioned skin tones when referring to each other's beauty. "Your skin is so nice and white" and "Why is your skin so dark?" was frequently asked of the children and young adults by their elders. It is almost comedic and vampire-like to watch droves of Chinese people walk in a narrow shaded walkway or tote umbrellas on the sunniest days just to avoid the sun.

Although I may be completely wrong, I think this obsession with white skin has to do with the fact that in olden times any body with a tan was associated with manual labor and peasantry therefore having pale skin was a sign of your wealth. It seems that this type of thinking is still very prevalent in China today. Also as controversial as this may sound, this might be the basis for the somewhat bias attitude Chinese people have towards races of darker skin colors.

For those who don't believe me, just take a trip to China and you'll know what I mean.

Eunuchs' retired life



When the Qing Dynasty was overthrown the bizarre eunuch system ended. But even today little is known about eunuchs after they retired from imperial service. Sa Su, a Chinese writer living in Japan, wrote some essays, recounting some first-hand information about their retired life. He disclosed that most eunuchs led a wretched life after leaving the palace.

He said that some eunuchs confined their whole lives inside the inner palace courtyards. Upon retiring most didn't return to their hometowns unless they had accumulated vast wealth that would bring pride to their families. Moreover, a pervasive social prejudice and phobia against them made the outer world hostile toward them.

Foresighted, many felt more fearful of than concerned about their afterlife since no offspring would hold commemorative activities after they died. Even the revered senior eunuchs were worried about their afterlife. Thus, a popular practice emerged: the young and minor eunuchs held memorial services for elder eunuchs who had patronized them.

From the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), some eunuchs began to buy land for burial plots in Zhangguanfen, now called Zhongguancun and also known as China's silicon valley. Afterwards, these burial plots evolved into a cemetery exclusively reserved for eunuchs. With financial grants from the emperor, some temples were built up amidst the crypts to accommodate a few retired eunuchs living in solitude.

"Conventionally eunuchs were viewed as venal and hypocritical but they were also quite devoted to memorial services in these cemeteries. They hoped that their piety would guarantee reincarnation as a 'full' man," said Sa Su.

After retirement, antique brokerage firms hired many of them because they had acquired artistic virtuosity by living in palaces replete with outstanding artworks and antique pieces.

Also some eunuchs returned to familiar ground -- serving as stewards. Their long service in the palace made them into seasoned servants.

The Eunuchs of China



As long ago as the 8th Century B.C., Chinese emperors kept castrated males as palace servants, especially to guard harems. This bit of history is detailed in Mary M. Anderson's Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China, Prometheus Press, 1990. A substantial excerpt of this text may be found here. This tradition officially ended with the end of the Ch'ing dynasty in the republican revolution of 1912. There were said to be 470 eunuchs in China at that time.



By 1960, the number of Chinese eunuchs had dwindled to 26 living in Beijing. In that year, a team of urologists was allowed to examine the last surviving Chinese eunuchs. That study was published in the medical literature ("The Prostate in Eunuchs" Wu Chieh Ping and Gu Fang-Liu, EORTC Genitourinary Group Monograph 10, Wiley-Liss, Inc., 1991). The urologists found that in more than 80% of these men, who had an average age of 72 and who had been eunuchs for an average of 54 years, the prostate was nonpalpable. A summary of that study is reproduced here.



The authors conclude, "This is probably the largest series of human beings followed for such a long period of time to confirm that testicular hormone is essential for the development and preservation of the prostate."

Chinese Foot Binding



Throughout history in all cultures a common ultimate goal is to achieve beauty. Just as all people look different, all people have a different outlook on the question, what is beautiful? For some time in the nineteenth century, in America a definition of beauty included corsets, making women's waists as small as possible. Over time beauty has resulted in a lot of pain and in this instance, resulted in broken ribs and damaged internal organs. Body piercing and tattoos fall under the same category although the consequences are not as severe. Great pain has been suffered for centuries for women to achieve perceived beauty. Probably the most detrimental act was one that approximately one billion women in China have preformed for nearly one thousand years. This act, foot binding, was an attempt to stop the growth of the feet. Foot binding is a bizarre and terrible custom, yet it is hard to understand exactly what foot binding was like with the modern outlook we have today. The reason for women binding their feet went deeper than fashion and reflected the role of women in Chinese society. It was necessary then in China for a woman to have bound feet in order to achieve a good life.

The exact way foot binding started is not fully known. Several legends have been passed down on how foot binding originally started. The most common legend is about the Chinese prince Li Yu in the Sung dynasty (AD 960-1280) (Nadine 2). The prince's concubine, Yao Niang walked so gracefully it appeared as if she was "skimming over the top of golden lilies" (Chinese Foot Binding 2) To follow that, the "lily footed" woman became a model for China. A variation of this legend was that Yao Niang was ordered to bind her feet in the shape of half moons (Nadine 2). She was to do this so that she could perform an early variation of ballet, also called toe dancing for the royal court. This legend is probably the least likely to be true, because women with bound feet could hardly walk, let alone dance. The most likely variation of this particular story is that Yau Niang danced on a platform shaped like a lotus, as well as toe-danced within a six-foot high golden lotus flower (Jackson 28). Many women began to perform this artistic dancing style, and the dance looked best with bound feet. There are so many variations that it is impossible to know which one is true. A whole other legend is about the last Empress of the Shang dynasty. This Empress had a clubbed foot and did not want to be known as having this condition. She asked her husband to make binding feet mandatory for all girls (Chinese Foot Binding 2). By doing so, her deformed foot could now be considered beautiful. The origin of foot binding may not be clear; however the powerful affects foot binding left are apparent.



Once foot binding began, it spread quickly from the north, where it begun, to all parts in China. In the beginning, the custom was practiced only by court dancers, followed by all the women in the court. In 1273, the Mongols took over the Sung dynasty and started the Yuan dynasty. The Mongols supported foot binding for all the women in China (Chinese Girl 2). They supported mainly because it made the women less likely to be able to succeed (Jackson 19). In the mid-1300s, the Ming dynasty took the place of the Yuan dynasty. Foot binding continued to spread from the royalty, to the wealthy (Levy 26). Eventually, all classes of people had their feet bound. Poor people did so in hopes of improving their social status (Cummings 2).

The process of foot binding started for the young girls anywhere from the age of four to six. It was done so early in her life so that the arch did not have much time to develop. The mother who was the one to bind the feet, and usually started the process late in the fall or winter, so the foot would be numb and the pain would not be as severe. The daughters' feet would first be soaked in warm water or animal blood and herbs (Jackson 39). The special potion that was used for this caused any dead flesh to fall off (Levy 12).She would have her toe nails cut as short as possible therefore not allowing them to grow into the foot. After she received a foot massage, the four smallest toes on each foot were broken (Chinese Foot Binding 2) This was not even the worst of the pain. The mother soaked silk or cotton bandages in the same liquid the girl's feet were soaked in. The bandages, which were ten feet long and two inches wide, were wrapped around the smallest toes and pulled tightly to the heel. Every two days, the binding was removed and rebound. This part of the process went on for two years. By this time her feet were three to four inches long. To assure the feet staying small, the ritual continued for at least ten more years (Hwang 1).

The process was very painful; every time the feet were rebound the bandages were pulled tighter. But besides just the pain of the process, there were many after affects that were detrimental to the young girls' health. The pain of the bound feet never stopped. The most common consequence was infection (Hwang 1). There were many ways a girl could get an infection. One was the ball of the foot would folding directly into the heel. A second was that the toenails continued to grow, eventually curling into the skin. This led to flesh rotting off, and sometimes even a toe. The worst part of the process was that the feet would practically die after three years. The feet being dead caused a terrible smell the girl carried with her everywhere (Chinese Footwear 1). Diseases followed infections, and death could even result from foot binding (Hwang 1).



Some girls made it through their youth without having any medical problems; yet the time when most women had health problems due to foot binding was in their later years. The women who had their feet bound were more likely to fall, less able to squat and less able to rise from a sitting position in their older years. The combination of the lower hip bone density, along with the fact women with bound feet were more likely to fall, put these women at an extremely high risk for hip fractures (Ling 1,2). Overall, foot binding had its beauty, yet the consequences were very severe.

Such a painful and crippling tradition could not be completely due the popularity and fashion it had at the time. There were many reasons mothers made the decision to bind their daughters' feet. Men in China in that era would not marry a woman who did not have bound feet. The man's mother was always responsible for making sure the woman he was to` marry had bound feet. If the mother of the man lifted up the woman's dress and discovered "clown feet," she would not allow her son to speak to that woman again. The mother of the man that she loved finding out she does not have bound feet was the most embarrassing thing that could happen to you (Jackson 62). Feet binding also divided men and women and upheld old Chinese beliefs. Foot binding kept women weak, out of power, and dominated by her husband. When women bound their feet, men could dominate more easily and not worry about women taking their power. The process took place so early, the young girl had no choice but to follow her family's order and have her feet bound. She was uneducated and considered foot binding necessary. Also, she was seen as an object to the men, to be observed and look pretty, therefore appealing to men mattered more to the girls than their health. The girl's life went on without having much control over it (Levy 42-46).



Foot binding sounds so terrible but it did not stay popular forever. In the mid-1600s the Manchus took over the Yuan dynasty to create the Qing Empire. The Manchus were strongly against foot binding. The Qing Empire began to charge people for having daughters with bound feet and prohibiting it in areas they could control. The practiced nevertheless continued. It had become so much part of the Chinese culture and famiy traditions, that the government could not stop it. The Chinese continued to see foot binding as a beautiful act although it was illegal (Jackson 48).

The nationalist revolution sparked the flame that was to destroy foot binding for good. The practice slowed down considerably from there. In 1911 after the revolution of Sun Yat-Sen, foot binding officially ended aside from a handful of women living in the countryside (Chinese Girl 2).

Foot binding was more than a fashion statement, it was a way of life for about one billion women as well as the men around them. It took much more than laws and protests to bring foot binding to an end. Foot binding had higher consequences, greater appeal, and is more desirable than any other practice women implemented to be beautiful in history. It cannot be seen as a simple fashion statement. It was part of the society, the roots being buried under many parts of Chinese culture. It had roots in making a woman more desirable, marriageability, and higher social status. Foot binding not only crippled the women who went through the process but as well as crippled women in China for centuries. Being crippled by foot binding, they had such a little role in the government. It was a custom that started out to define beauty but ended up defining the way the society was.

Introduction of ChiPau/QiPao



The qípáo (旗袍), qípáor (旗袍儿), or ch'i-p'ao, also known as the cheongsam or mandarin gown, is a body-hugging (modified in Shanghai) one-piece dress for women.

The English loanword cheongsam comes from the Cantonese pronunciation of the original Shanghainese term. In most western countries and in the Cantonese dialect cheongsam is the name of a garment worn by both men and women. Chinese who do not speak the Cantonese dialect view the cheongsam as an exclusively male dress and use the word qipao for its female equivalent. In Cantonese usage the word qipao is either interchangeable with the female cheongsam or refer to the two-piece qipao variant that is popular in mainland China.

When the Manchu established the Qing Dynasty over all of China, certain social strata emerged. Among them were the Banners (qí), mostly Manchu, who as a group were called Banner People (旗人 pinyin: qí rén). Manchu women typically wore a one-piece dress that came to be known as the 旗袍 (qípáo or banner quilt). The qipao fit loosely and hung straight down the body. After 1644, all Han Chinese were forced to make a close shave and dress in cheongsam instead of Han Chinese clothing (剃发易服), or they were to be killed. For the next 300 years, the cheongsam became the adopted clothing of the Chinese. The garment proved popular and survived the political turmoil of the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing Dynasty. The qipao has become, with few changes, the archetypal dress for Chinese women.

The first and "traditional" qipao when introduced to the larger Han population were wide, baggy and rather loose. It covered most of the women's body revealing only to head, hands, and the tips of the toe. The loose baggy nature of the clothing also served to demphasize and conceal the figure of the wearer regardless of age. However, with time the qipao were tailored to become more form fitting and revealing. The modern version of the qipao was first developed in Shanghai around 1900, when the Qing Dynasty came to an end and people eagerly seeked for a more modernized style of dress. Slender and form fitting with a high cut, it contrasted sharply with the traditional qipao. In Shanghai it was first known as 长衫 (or long dress. Mandarin: chángshān, Cantonese: cheongsam, Shanghainese: zansae).

The modernized version is especially noted for accentuating the figures of women, and as such is highly popular as a dress for high society. As Western fashions changed, the basic cheongsam design changed too, introducing high-necked sleeveless dresses, bell-like sleeves, and the black lace frothing at the hem of a ball gown. By the 1940s, cheongsam came in transparent black, beaded bodices, matching capes, and even velvet. Later, checked fabrics also became quite common.

The 1949 Communist Revolution ended the cheongsam and other fashions in Shanghai, but the Shanghainese emigrants and refugees brought the fashion to Hong Kong where it has remained popular. Recently there has been a revival of the Shanghainese cheongsam in Shanghai and elsewhere in Mainland China; the Shanghainese style functions now mostly as a stylish party dress (see also Mao suit).

Some secondary schools in Hong Kong, especially those with long tradition of establishment by Christian missionaries use a plain rimmed sky blue cotton and/or dark blue velvet (for winter) cheongsam with the school badge right under the stand-up collar to be closed with a metal hook and eye as the official uniform for their female students to be worn to regular classes. Schools known to set this standard include St. Paul's Co-educational College, St. Stephen Girl's College, Ying Wa Girls' School, True Light Middle School etc. Their cheongsam uniform is tailored so that the size of their collar is tightly fitted to their neck, and the students are asked to hook up their stiff collar all the time amidst the tropical humid and hot weather. The bottom with short slits are is also too tight to allow students to walk in long strides. Many students feel it an ordeal, yet it is a visible manifest of strict discipline that is hallmark of prestigious secondary schools in Hong Kong. Some dissident students, however, express their dissatisfaction with this tradition by wearing their uniform with stand-up collar intentionally left unhooked or the bottom cut shorter than their knees.

In the 1950s, women in the workforce started to wear more functional cheongsams made of wool, twill, and other materials. Most were tailor fitted and often came with a matching jacket. The dresses were a fusion of Chinese tradition with modern styles.

The Tibetans and Vietnamese (ao dai) have related versions of this dress as their national dress.

2008年9月23日星期二

邮件开发客户的技巧

有些做外贸的朋友总是会有这样的困惑,我给客户发了邮件,怎么石沉大海?或者客户给我发了询盘,我回复后没有下文了,发了几次还是没有回应。
造成这种情况有很多种原因。

虽然一封写得比较有煽动性和有看点的邮件有助吸引客户眼球并最终勾引客户兴趣,但由于每个人阅读的习惯和兴趣不同,A认为不错的文字可能B看了不对胃口,所以说我们所能做的也就是根据回复率不断调整我们信函表达的方式和内容以争取提高广大客户的回复率,但有一点很清楚,我们并无法保证哪种方法是最好的,我们所做的只是提高概率,就象买彩票,单式和复式的中奖概率是不一样的,但你买复式就一定会中奖么?未必。因为发这种信函的时候很多非人为因素并非我们能控制得了的--好几道工序是需要老天保佑的:首先是我们的邮件不要被他们的邮件服务器BLOCK为junk mail。(其实被列为junk mail也是我们很多邮件的最终下场,虽然避免群发邮件,尽量不要在第一封信时以HTML格式发送或是不要添加附件等小技巧可以避免被列为SPAM,但来自中国的邮件还是很容易被国外的服务器列为垃圾邮件),其次是客户不要看了邮件标题就直接删除邮件(简单直接的标题对有些客户来说他看了产生兴趣直接就打开了,但有些客户可能一看就是当垃圾邮件删除,这个标题的优劣以否不好说,客户的爱好也是萝卜青菜的,各有所好,也不好把握,只能靠运气由他们选了。),再次就是看你这封信信的人是否在公司里有决定权,如果他不关心的内容可能他就当垃圾随手删掉了,所以说在这个过程中运气也满重要的。因此,我个人觉得邮件式的开发客户模式用一句话归结起来就是要在RIGHT TIME IN A RIGHT WAY TO A RIGHT PERSON WITH A GOOD LUCK。



RIGHT TIME:什么时候发信有关系么?答案是肯定的,而且关系很大。一般来说周一不适合发信,因为通常周一客户的邮箱会充满业务信件或是垃圾邮件,这时候他处理邮件就没那么认真了,也许随便扫一眼就拖进垃圾箱了;对时差相差较大的客户比如欧洲和中东印度的客户比较适合在下午发信,他们可以在工作时间内马上看到信,这对提高他们的回复率至关重要。一般来说发信的时间最好集中在周二周三周四会比较好,周五由于临近周末,客户需要处理的事情会比较多,可能比较忙,这时候客户可能也不会那么认真看你的业务推荐信了,所以发信一定要注意把握时间,这是有效提高回复率的有效手段。

RIGHT WAY:首先保证第一封推荐函一定不要群发。在我们平时以纯EMAIL方式进行开发业务的电子商务过程中,搜寻客户的方式可能有N种,但如何让客户看了你的广告函后回你信,好象也没有人敢可以绝对保证他能做到----但事实上并没有一种方式可以保证你的目标客户一定会理你,我们只能尽量写一封比较对大众胃口的推荐信以提升客户去看信的欲望及打开信后耐心看完信的兴趣并让客户了解介绍的内容后产生某些想法---想法是客户回信的动力,回复才是硬道理。当然,一封写得再惊天地泣鬼神的信发过去如果被服务器列为SPAM那也等于零;如果通过了服务器但客户一看标题感觉有垃圾邮件的味道不看直接删除的也等于零;客户看了以后没什么感觉那基本上也宣布等于零;只有客户看了感觉有点价值,虽然没有马上回复但归档处理,理论上说这还有点搞头,因为等他有需要的时他脑海里想起你后还会翻出来联系联系;当然,唯一有意义的就是客户看了你大作之后直接回复你。所以适当地根据回复率调整信函的内容和方式也是满重要的,记得第一封信最好不要写得太长或是太官样文章,最好有点新意不要跟别人发的广告信一样没创意,那谁都不会有兴趣看下去的。

RIGHT PERSON:你的信谁看了最有效,这是你发信前要考虑的问题,最好直接找到这个人而不是泛泛地指TO WHOM WHO WILL CONCERN,当然如果找不到该家伙的实际姓名只好直接称呼MR+职务了;不过强烈建议联系的时候最好能够搜到他的名字和他的个人邮箱,这样会大大提高信的回复率。如果真的找不到这个家伙的邮箱和个人邮件那只好退而求其次发到该公司的INFO邮箱让他们公司负责处理邮件的人转了,比如你发到该公司INFO邮箱里给MR.MANAGING DIRECTOR or MR.GENERAL MANAGER的信,如果内容看起来不是那么SPAM的话一般人家也会根据你信上称呼的职务帮你转的。不过这时候能帮你忙的就是信的内容了,如果你能在信中提到几句他们公司的实际的东西往往会让你的信避免列为SPAM的下场,可以说RIGHT PERSON 是提高回复率这一环里最重要的一步,找到这个可以自己做决定的人才有办法以最直接的方式打开局面进行顺畅的业务沟通,最好你能在发信之前弄到这个人的名字还有其个人邮箱。