2008年9月25日星期四

Chinese Stereotypes

What Line?


One interesting observation about Chinese people is that they don't seem to believe in waiting on line. It is always a race to the front unless waiting is strictly enforced. For example, take New York City's Grand Street & Canal Street train stations both located in the heart of New York City's Chinatown. These stations are always filled with Chinese people. During anytime of the day, if you find yourself on one of these platforms, you must brace yourself as the train pulls in to the station because it is complete chaos once the train doors separate.

Some Chinese people have gotten the science of "Being First" to a T. It all starts with the art of "boxing out" once the train becomes visible. Basically, everyone will start to inch closer and closer to the edge of the platform and elbows will start to "outline" personal territories in front of the doors. Even if you are fortunate enough to be standing exactly in front of the doors, it won't matter because within seconds some middle-aged Chinese lady with 50 red bags of groceries (a sure sign of the Chinese, remember red is lucky) will miraculously find a spot in front of you, ignoring your presence and the fact that you were there first. The funny thing is I don't think she feels she has done anything wrong and maybe she is just so focused that she can not even see me.

When the doors finally pull open, it is utter chaos. The mob will start to rush in even though passengers are trying to get out. It is so severe that I have witnessed more than a few instances where people were not able to get off until the next stop thus having to take another train backwards! For those successful in rushing in first, it all becomes a game of musical chairs, but instead of say 5 chairs for 6 players, there is usually 1 seat left and 20 people wanting to play. You can only imagine what's going to happen.

So next time you find yourself on Grand or Canal Street -- tired and hoping for a seat-- Get those elbows ready and GOOD LUCK


Dishwashers = Dish Closet


Chinese people are notorious for not adapting to common household conveniences. One such convenience, available in most homes and condos being sold today, is the dishwasher. The main reason why Chinese people don't use dishwashers is because they can hand wash dishes, so "if it ain't broke, don't fix it". The same reasoning goes for dryers, food processors, juicers and breadmakers.

Another reason for not using technological advances in everyday activities, perhaps more significant than the first, is the Chinese thrift factor. Chinese people are savers by nature and having to shell out for dishwashing tablets, electricity, gas (for the dryer component) and excess water is just too much. Especially since the alternative, hand washing, wiping and air drying, is effective enough. Most dishwashers, including my own, is used mainly for storing dishes and perhaps to air out some wet dishes after a good hand washing.

So for the Chinese, an image of a dishwasher will always be a nice pair of hands (with or without rubber gloves).


Chinese People ARE Good at Math


Pythagorean theorem, 2x + 6 = 30, isosceles triangles. Terms that bring a sense of nostalgia to Chinese people all over the US. It brings back such good memories because math was something I, in fact almost every Chinese person I know, was always good at. Just think back to your junior high school or high school math classes and you'll soon realize that this popular stereotype is actually true (of course, this only applies to schools that have Chinese students). We just have a thing for numbers. If you take all the SAT scores for Chinese people in the US, I would not be surprised if 95% of those scores had a higher math score when compared to verbal. Math always seemed intuitive and easy. It always just made sense. Whether it is algebra, geometry, trigonometry or even calculus, we find it equally unchallenging. Maybe the Chinese are genetically predisposed to excel in math? It is hard to find reasons not to think so.

I can still remember when my parents used to look at my high school calculus textbook and scoff at how this level of math was being taught in middle schools all over China. This usually progressed into a tirade on the slack educational system in the US and how the kids in China are getting a much better education. I've always wondered what type of math Chinese students would be doing in college if they studied calculus during middle school. To this day I still don't know, if you can shed any light on this, please do so in the comments section of this article.


Outwardly Unaffectionate Among Family


Every since I was a child, I would watch shows like Growing Pains and Charles in Charge and wonder why my family wasn't as warm and affectionate as those I see on TV. To this day I have not told my parents that "I love them", not because I do not care for them but rather because it would make everyone feel awkward. This goes for my siblings as well. I have other Chinese friends who have similar experiences so I figure it must be a Chinese cultural thing.


Like I said before, it is not that the parents don't like their kids or vice versa but rather family love is expressed differently in Chinese society. The way Chinese parents show that they love their kids is by cooking huge meals or catering to their needs. My dad and I have never hugged or reciprocated verbal expressions of love but every time I come home for dinner, there is a feast of my favorite foods waiting for me. Another popular sign of affection among the Chinese, is a phenomenon I call chauffeuring. I have noticed that Chinese parents make up for a bulk of the people waiting in cars outside of schools and workplaces where there are Chinese people.


An interesting observation related to awkwardness towards public displays of affection is whenever the entire family is watching TV or a movie and a sex scene comes on, I will usually try to remove myself from the room or somehow change the channel. It doesn't even have to contain nudity, the suggestions of raunchy action is enough to make things extremely awkward. Even to this day, when I visit my parents, I become extremely uncomfortable when such scenes come on the TV.

Of course Americanized Chinese households might have a different experience but I believe embedded in Chinese tradition is a type of unspoken taboo against public displays of affection. Although expressions of affection has its place, I personally enjoy the way things are now (no outward displays of affection among my family) and would be completely mortified if my parents all of a sudden became more like Mr. and Mrs. Seaver.


ABCs vs FOBs


The epic battle between ABCs (American Born Chinese) and FOBs (Fresh Off the Boat) have been going on ever since I can remember. Racism within one's ethnic group somehow always seems to be more widespread than those from people outside the ethnic group (Chris Rock's famous Black People vs. N@&&$$! stand up bit). When Chinese kids in America become teenagers, they are forced to choose a side, either ABC or FOB, each group extremely critical of the other. The bitterness of the rivalries are pretty strong but lessens dramatically with age as people from both groups mature and focus on other things.

ABCs are embarrassed by FOBs and use the term in a very derogatory way. If you do something embarrassingly Chinese, you're a FOB. FOBs make fun of the fact that ABCs can't speak Chinese despite the fact that they are Chinese. They don't understand why ABCs tend to act so "white" or so "black". Their mutual dislike for each other explains why ABCs and FOBs rarely coexist in the same cliques.

The major distinction between ABCs and FOBs is their ability to speak English. If you prefer to speak Chinese during casual conversation and when you do use English it is with an accent, you are almost immediately identified as a FOB even if you have the most Americanized lifestyle or you have been living in the United States for decades. ABCs on the other hand speak English almost exclusively even when someone is speaking to them in Chinese. For those who do understand Chinese, it is very limited and contains almost no Chinese colloquial sayings. They are also pretty ignorant to most Chinese cultural events and holidays.

These days it is easier to recognize ABCs and FOBs by outward appearances. Hair is probably the best way to differentiate between the two groups. FOBs have very funky hairstyles mimicking those of Japanese and Korean teens who mimic the hairstyles of anime and video game characters. Their hair is usually long and requires high maintenance. ABCs usually have more traditional spiky hair, mohawks or Italian style blowouts. Their hair is usually short and clean cut.

Clothes is another good way to tell ABCs and FOBs apart. Most FOBs like to wear Japanese-style funky clothing. Male FOBs sport the Hong Kong Superstar metrosexual look while female FOBs enjoy wearing striped shirts with overalls and other Japanese inspired looks. ABCs tend to dress in more Americanized styles either reflecting the "hip-hop" clothing style, Abercrombie and Fitch style, Performance Gear (North Face and Nike) style or the young professional styles found at Express and Banana Republic. Although clothing and hairstyles are a good way to distinguish between FOBs and ABCs, their ability to speak English is still the most accurate.

There is much peer pressure against ABC-FOB relationships. ABCs will usually never date a FOB no matter how attractive they are because the peer pressure is usually too great. Those that do date, either do so in secret, or isolate themselves from both groups. This is similar to the forbidden love found in Romeo and Juliet without the tragic ending.

Last interesting topic - Crossovers. Crossovers are Chinese young adults that were born or raised at a young age in the USA but love Chinese culture or FOBs that have crossed over to become very Americanized. Crossovers speak perfect English but love Chinese music and are knowledgeable about Chinese traditions and culture (food, holidays, Chinese soup). They can also read and write Chinese and have many FOB like tendencies. To ABCs, crossovers may be considered FOBs although they are always thrown off when they speak English. The only criteria for a successful crossover for FOBs is to get rid of their accents.

This internal division among Chinese Americans will probably persist for ages to come. Which side are you on?


Bill for Dinner, Round 1, Fight!


If you ever go to a Chinese restaurant for dinner and take a look around, I am positive that you will see at least one table where people are wrestling for the check. This may seem paradoxical since Chinese people are usually pretty frugal (check out the Dishwasher Article) but in Chinese culture, there is one thing that trumps all other Chinese-related behavior. For the Chinese it is all about "face" (面子, pronounced mian zi in mandarin and Meen Ji in Cantonese). Treating for dinner makes you the BMATT (Big Man at the Table) and you are usually showered with thanks and appreciation after the rival part concedes. The fights are especially fierce among parents of children who are dating. Distant relatives or adult acquaintances dining together also have their fair share of check wrestling. Most of the time the battle is between the main "representative" of each group or family, which is usually the father although these duties may be handled by the oldest son/daughter.

So what is the best way to secure the bill? The most common and popular strategy to secure the bill is to grab it from the waiter's/waitresses' hand and then immediately put the check behind your back while fending off the other arms trying to grab for the check. Another more effective strategy is to just approach the cashier and pay for the bill before the dinner ends during one of your "bathroom breaks". For me, I personally like to just sit and watch the action and wait for my chance to shower my appreciation and thanks on the victorious party. Although as I become older and have my own family, I'm sure I will have my share of "end of dinner at a Chinese restaurant" battles.

Good luck to all the people fighting to pay for dinner (what a weird blessing)! May the tips in this article give you the upper hand at your next fight for the bill.


Practical Jobs


Chinese families have always placed a heavy emphasis on practical jobs. Chinese parents just can't understand college majors that don't lead to "successful" jobs. Occupations fitting the mold are Doctors, Lawyers, Engineers, Computer Science/Programmer, Pharmacists and Finance/Business related jobs. Technical schools such as those for Architecture, Hotel/Restaurant Management and Dentistry are also accepted. College majors that traditional Chinese parents and relatives understand are pre-med, economics, business, math and any type of engineering or physical science related major.

Naturally this would lead to ignorance and disdain for the more "useless" liberal arts majors such as sociology, Asian studies, any languages, art, performing arts, history, etc. Chinese people can't understand majors that do not translate into a practical job. If you have a liberal arts major, the best way to save yourself the trouble of having to explain to the older traditional Chinese is to say you are going to become a lawyer. Being a Spanish major means nothing to Chinese parents but being a Spanish major with the intent of going to Law School is infinitely more respectable (in Chinese eyes of course, no offense to Spanish majors).

Although this may seem ridiculous to some, just look at the percentage of Chinese people for each major and I guarantee that it will be heavily skewed to the more "practical" majors. If you are Chinese, just look at what major you and your other Chinese friends chose to pursue. I'm pretty Americanized yet my major was Chemistry and Economics during college and most of the Chinese people I knew were engineers, math, economics or in physical science majors.

One thing that ranks higher than obtaining practical jobs on the Chinese list of priorities is the stability and safety of a certain occupation. Chinese parents love their children and they also expect them to take care of them when they become old (more on this in another article) so any job that may have inherent risks and dangers are frowned upon. Positions that are consider dangerous and/or heavily frowned upon are policemen, firemen, inner city teachers and positions that pay solely on commission (including freelance work) and have no health benefits.

Perhaps one day, Chinese people will break out of this mold and accept more liberal arts majors but having many of these beliefs hard-wired into our system, I wouldn't hold my breath.


C.R.E.A.M. - Dolla Dolla Bill Y'all


The Wu Tang Clan must have been singing about their Chinese roots when they released C.R.E.A.M. (Cash Rule Everything Around Me) because most Chinese prefer to deal in cash. Chinese people truly dislike borrowing money and being indebted to someone because it is embarrassing and it makes them seem weak. There is a general mistrust of credit among the Chinese which is exemplified in these Chinese proverbs:


"A good debt is not as good as no debt"

"Free from debt is free from care"
Another good reason for exclusively using cash is the power cash has when haggling and negotiating prices for consumer goods and services. Chinese people can't resist bargains and discounts so naturally they would gravitate towards cash (Try bargaining with a credit or debit card). A third reason is that many Chinese immigrant workers get paid in cash, so in order to avoid leaving a "paper trail" come tax time, they solely use cash. If they use credit/debit cards or checks, it is easy to figure out exactly how much they are spending.

I am sure there are many other reasons but whatever the reasons, in the eyes of the Chinese, Cash is King.


Avoidance of Confrontation


Some people love looking for and starting trouble, Chinese people on the other hand strive hard to avoid confrontations AT ALL COSTS. You would be hard pressed to see a Chinese person asking for a store's managers or raising his/her voice in public when they are wronged. Usually Chinese people just "let things go" and go on with their merry lives. This non-confrontational attitude has its pros and cons. On the one hand, being passive avoids huge escalations or time consuming arguments. On the other hand, this passiveness can be taken advantage of as Chinese people become known as being pushovers. This would explain the "Chinese (Asian) Workhorse" phenomenon of any non-Chinese firm. Let's take a look at why Chinese people hate confrontations:

Reasons Why the Chinese are Non-Confrontational

Chinese People Dislike Scrutiny - Most Chinese people are known to engage in somewhat questionable activities such as bootlegging and tax evasion (Chinese people live in a CASH dominated society) so naturally they prefer to stay in the shadows.
Not Worth the Trouble - In addition to disliking scrutiny, Chinese people hate it when other people get into their business. They like to minimize the amount of people involved even if it is the costlier alternative. For Example: If you ever get into a car accident with a Chinese person, most likely they would like to handle the situation without calling the police and without involving the insurance companies. Many times this may prove to be more expensive than the increase in their insurance premium.
Xenophobic - In America, Chinese people will avoid confrontation with foreigners at all costs. In general, the Chinese don't like dealing with foreigners (Chinese people hate teaching things to the "Gwai Lo" - Cantonese for foreigner).

Our Upbringing - My parents dislike confrontation and so did my parents' parents. I was always raised to not make a fuss and just "let it go" so naturally that is what I am inclined to do.
Losing Face and Embarrassment - Generally, it is considered embarrassing to cause a scene. All confrontations should be done behind closed doors. To "act a fool" in public will cause your a loss of face for you and your family which is taboo among traditional Chinese people.

Let's face it, Chinese people are non confrontational. Next time, there is a public confrontation, it is safe to say, Chinese people aren't involved (unless it's in Chinatown).


Light Skin Beautites---Paler the Better


I recently made a trip to China and was exposed to a phenomenon that surprised me. Chinese people find light skin tones infinitely more attractive than darker ones. This seemed strange to me since everyone I know in the US is always trying to get a nice tan and people who are pale are usually considered "not as attractive" and "unhealthy". As every major city in the US is infested with tanning salons, I did not see any while I was in China.

This phenomenon is also evident in the realm of beauty products where many American products are geared towards "bronzing" the skin while Chinese beauty products usually aim to whiten the skin. When I met up with my relatives in China, they immediately mentioned skin tones when referring to each other's beauty. "Your skin is so nice and white" and "Why is your skin so dark?" was frequently asked of the children and young adults by their elders. It is almost comedic and vampire-like to watch droves of Chinese people walk in a narrow shaded walkway or tote umbrellas on the sunniest days just to avoid the sun.

Although I may be completely wrong, I think this obsession with white skin has to do with the fact that in olden times any body with a tan was associated with manual labor and peasantry therefore having pale skin was a sign of your wealth. It seems that this type of thinking is still very prevalent in China today. Also as controversial as this may sound, this might be the basis for the somewhat bias attitude Chinese people have towards races of darker skin colors.

For those who don't believe me, just take a trip to China and you'll know what I mean.

Eunuchs' retired life



When the Qing Dynasty was overthrown the bizarre eunuch system ended. But even today little is known about eunuchs after they retired from imperial service. Sa Su, a Chinese writer living in Japan, wrote some essays, recounting some first-hand information about their retired life. He disclosed that most eunuchs led a wretched life after leaving the palace.

He said that some eunuchs confined their whole lives inside the inner palace courtyards. Upon retiring most didn't return to their hometowns unless they had accumulated vast wealth that would bring pride to their families. Moreover, a pervasive social prejudice and phobia against them made the outer world hostile toward them.

Foresighted, many felt more fearful of than concerned about their afterlife since no offspring would hold commemorative activities after they died. Even the revered senior eunuchs were worried about their afterlife. Thus, a popular practice emerged: the young and minor eunuchs held memorial services for elder eunuchs who had patronized them.

From the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), some eunuchs began to buy land for burial plots in Zhangguanfen, now called Zhongguancun and also known as China's silicon valley. Afterwards, these burial plots evolved into a cemetery exclusively reserved for eunuchs. With financial grants from the emperor, some temples were built up amidst the crypts to accommodate a few retired eunuchs living in solitude.

"Conventionally eunuchs were viewed as venal and hypocritical but they were also quite devoted to memorial services in these cemeteries. They hoped that their piety would guarantee reincarnation as a 'full' man," said Sa Su.

After retirement, antique brokerage firms hired many of them because they had acquired artistic virtuosity by living in palaces replete with outstanding artworks and antique pieces.

Also some eunuchs returned to familiar ground -- serving as stewards. Their long service in the palace made them into seasoned servants.

The Eunuchs of China



As long ago as the 8th Century B.C., Chinese emperors kept castrated males as palace servants, especially to guard harems. This bit of history is detailed in Mary M. Anderson's Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China, Prometheus Press, 1990. A substantial excerpt of this text may be found here. This tradition officially ended with the end of the Ch'ing dynasty in the republican revolution of 1912. There were said to be 470 eunuchs in China at that time.



By 1960, the number of Chinese eunuchs had dwindled to 26 living in Beijing. In that year, a team of urologists was allowed to examine the last surviving Chinese eunuchs. That study was published in the medical literature ("The Prostate in Eunuchs" Wu Chieh Ping and Gu Fang-Liu, EORTC Genitourinary Group Monograph 10, Wiley-Liss, Inc., 1991). The urologists found that in more than 80% of these men, who had an average age of 72 and who had been eunuchs for an average of 54 years, the prostate was nonpalpable. A summary of that study is reproduced here.



The authors conclude, "This is probably the largest series of human beings followed for such a long period of time to confirm that testicular hormone is essential for the development and preservation of the prostate."

Chinese Foot Binding



Throughout history in all cultures a common ultimate goal is to achieve beauty. Just as all people look different, all people have a different outlook on the question, what is beautiful? For some time in the nineteenth century, in America a definition of beauty included corsets, making women's waists as small as possible. Over time beauty has resulted in a lot of pain and in this instance, resulted in broken ribs and damaged internal organs. Body piercing and tattoos fall under the same category although the consequences are not as severe. Great pain has been suffered for centuries for women to achieve perceived beauty. Probably the most detrimental act was one that approximately one billion women in China have preformed for nearly one thousand years. This act, foot binding, was an attempt to stop the growth of the feet. Foot binding is a bizarre and terrible custom, yet it is hard to understand exactly what foot binding was like with the modern outlook we have today. The reason for women binding their feet went deeper than fashion and reflected the role of women in Chinese society. It was necessary then in China for a woman to have bound feet in order to achieve a good life.

The exact way foot binding started is not fully known. Several legends have been passed down on how foot binding originally started. The most common legend is about the Chinese prince Li Yu in the Sung dynasty (AD 960-1280) (Nadine 2). The prince's concubine, Yao Niang walked so gracefully it appeared as if she was "skimming over the top of golden lilies" (Chinese Foot Binding 2) To follow that, the "lily footed" woman became a model for China. A variation of this legend was that Yao Niang was ordered to bind her feet in the shape of half moons (Nadine 2). She was to do this so that she could perform an early variation of ballet, also called toe dancing for the royal court. This legend is probably the least likely to be true, because women with bound feet could hardly walk, let alone dance. The most likely variation of this particular story is that Yau Niang danced on a platform shaped like a lotus, as well as toe-danced within a six-foot high golden lotus flower (Jackson 28). Many women began to perform this artistic dancing style, and the dance looked best with bound feet. There are so many variations that it is impossible to know which one is true. A whole other legend is about the last Empress of the Shang dynasty. This Empress had a clubbed foot and did not want to be known as having this condition. She asked her husband to make binding feet mandatory for all girls (Chinese Foot Binding 2). By doing so, her deformed foot could now be considered beautiful. The origin of foot binding may not be clear; however the powerful affects foot binding left are apparent.



Once foot binding began, it spread quickly from the north, where it begun, to all parts in China. In the beginning, the custom was practiced only by court dancers, followed by all the women in the court. In 1273, the Mongols took over the Sung dynasty and started the Yuan dynasty. The Mongols supported foot binding for all the women in China (Chinese Girl 2). They supported mainly because it made the women less likely to be able to succeed (Jackson 19). In the mid-1300s, the Ming dynasty took the place of the Yuan dynasty. Foot binding continued to spread from the royalty, to the wealthy (Levy 26). Eventually, all classes of people had their feet bound. Poor people did so in hopes of improving their social status (Cummings 2).

The process of foot binding started for the young girls anywhere from the age of four to six. It was done so early in her life so that the arch did not have much time to develop. The mother who was the one to bind the feet, and usually started the process late in the fall or winter, so the foot would be numb and the pain would not be as severe. The daughters' feet would first be soaked in warm water or animal blood and herbs (Jackson 39). The special potion that was used for this caused any dead flesh to fall off (Levy 12).She would have her toe nails cut as short as possible therefore not allowing them to grow into the foot. After she received a foot massage, the four smallest toes on each foot were broken (Chinese Foot Binding 2) This was not even the worst of the pain. The mother soaked silk or cotton bandages in the same liquid the girl's feet were soaked in. The bandages, which were ten feet long and two inches wide, were wrapped around the smallest toes and pulled tightly to the heel. Every two days, the binding was removed and rebound. This part of the process went on for two years. By this time her feet were three to four inches long. To assure the feet staying small, the ritual continued for at least ten more years (Hwang 1).

The process was very painful; every time the feet were rebound the bandages were pulled tighter. But besides just the pain of the process, there were many after affects that were detrimental to the young girls' health. The pain of the bound feet never stopped. The most common consequence was infection (Hwang 1). There were many ways a girl could get an infection. One was the ball of the foot would folding directly into the heel. A second was that the toenails continued to grow, eventually curling into the skin. This led to flesh rotting off, and sometimes even a toe. The worst part of the process was that the feet would practically die after three years. The feet being dead caused a terrible smell the girl carried with her everywhere (Chinese Footwear 1). Diseases followed infections, and death could even result from foot binding (Hwang 1).



Some girls made it through their youth without having any medical problems; yet the time when most women had health problems due to foot binding was in their later years. The women who had their feet bound were more likely to fall, less able to squat and less able to rise from a sitting position in their older years. The combination of the lower hip bone density, along with the fact women with bound feet were more likely to fall, put these women at an extremely high risk for hip fractures (Ling 1,2). Overall, foot binding had its beauty, yet the consequences were very severe.

Such a painful and crippling tradition could not be completely due the popularity and fashion it had at the time. There were many reasons mothers made the decision to bind their daughters' feet. Men in China in that era would not marry a woman who did not have bound feet. The man's mother was always responsible for making sure the woman he was to` marry had bound feet. If the mother of the man lifted up the woman's dress and discovered "clown feet," she would not allow her son to speak to that woman again. The mother of the man that she loved finding out she does not have bound feet was the most embarrassing thing that could happen to you (Jackson 62). Feet binding also divided men and women and upheld old Chinese beliefs. Foot binding kept women weak, out of power, and dominated by her husband. When women bound their feet, men could dominate more easily and not worry about women taking their power. The process took place so early, the young girl had no choice but to follow her family's order and have her feet bound. She was uneducated and considered foot binding necessary. Also, she was seen as an object to the men, to be observed and look pretty, therefore appealing to men mattered more to the girls than their health. The girl's life went on without having much control over it (Levy 42-46).



Foot binding sounds so terrible but it did not stay popular forever. In the mid-1600s the Manchus took over the Yuan dynasty to create the Qing Empire. The Manchus were strongly against foot binding. The Qing Empire began to charge people for having daughters with bound feet and prohibiting it in areas they could control. The practiced nevertheless continued. It had become so much part of the Chinese culture and famiy traditions, that the government could not stop it. The Chinese continued to see foot binding as a beautiful act although it was illegal (Jackson 48).

The nationalist revolution sparked the flame that was to destroy foot binding for good. The practice slowed down considerably from there. In 1911 after the revolution of Sun Yat-Sen, foot binding officially ended aside from a handful of women living in the countryside (Chinese Girl 2).

Foot binding was more than a fashion statement, it was a way of life for about one billion women as well as the men around them. It took much more than laws and protests to bring foot binding to an end. Foot binding had higher consequences, greater appeal, and is more desirable than any other practice women implemented to be beautiful in history. It cannot be seen as a simple fashion statement. It was part of the society, the roots being buried under many parts of Chinese culture. It had roots in making a woman more desirable, marriageability, and higher social status. Foot binding not only crippled the women who went through the process but as well as crippled women in China for centuries. Being crippled by foot binding, they had such a little role in the government. It was a custom that started out to define beauty but ended up defining the way the society was.

Introduction of ChiPau/QiPao



The qípáo (旗袍), qípáor (旗袍儿), or ch'i-p'ao, also known as the cheongsam or mandarin gown, is a body-hugging (modified in Shanghai) one-piece dress for women.

The English loanword cheongsam comes from the Cantonese pronunciation of the original Shanghainese term. In most western countries and in the Cantonese dialect cheongsam is the name of a garment worn by both men and women. Chinese who do not speak the Cantonese dialect view the cheongsam as an exclusively male dress and use the word qipao for its female equivalent. In Cantonese usage the word qipao is either interchangeable with the female cheongsam or refer to the two-piece qipao variant that is popular in mainland China.

When the Manchu established the Qing Dynasty over all of China, certain social strata emerged. Among them were the Banners (qí), mostly Manchu, who as a group were called Banner People (旗人 pinyin: qí rén). Manchu women typically wore a one-piece dress that came to be known as the 旗袍 (qípáo or banner quilt). The qipao fit loosely and hung straight down the body. After 1644, all Han Chinese were forced to make a close shave and dress in cheongsam instead of Han Chinese clothing (剃发易服), or they were to be killed. For the next 300 years, the cheongsam became the adopted clothing of the Chinese. The garment proved popular and survived the political turmoil of the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing Dynasty. The qipao has become, with few changes, the archetypal dress for Chinese women.

The first and "traditional" qipao when introduced to the larger Han population were wide, baggy and rather loose. It covered most of the women's body revealing only to head, hands, and the tips of the toe. The loose baggy nature of the clothing also served to demphasize and conceal the figure of the wearer regardless of age. However, with time the qipao were tailored to become more form fitting and revealing. The modern version of the qipao was first developed in Shanghai around 1900, when the Qing Dynasty came to an end and people eagerly seeked for a more modernized style of dress. Slender and form fitting with a high cut, it contrasted sharply with the traditional qipao. In Shanghai it was first known as 长衫 (or long dress. Mandarin: chángshān, Cantonese: cheongsam, Shanghainese: zansae).

The modernized version is especially noted for accentuating the figures of women, and as such is highly popular as a dress for high society. As Western fashions changed, the basic cheongsam design changed too, introducing high-necked sleeveless dresses, bell-like sleeves, and the black lace frothing at the hem of a ball gown. By the 1940s, cheongsam came in transparent black, beaded bodices, matching capes, and even velvet. Later, checked fabrics also became quite common.

The 1949 Communist Revolution ended the cheongsam and other fashions in Shanghai, but the Shanghainese emigrants and refugees brought the fashion to Hong Kong where it has remained popular. Recently there has been a revival of the Shanghainese cheongsam in Shanghai and elsewhere in Mainland China; the Shanghainese style functions now mostly as a stylish party dress (see also Mao suit).

Some secondary schools in Hong Kong, especially those with long tradition of establishment by Christian missionaries use a plain rimmed sky blue cotton and/or dark blue velvet (for winter) cheongsam with the school badge right under the stand-up collar to be closed with a metal hook and eye as the official uniform for their female students to be worn to regular classes. Schools known to set this standard include St. Paul's Co-educational College, St. Stephen Girl's College, Ying Wa Girls' School, True Light Middle School etc. Their cheongsam uniform is tailored so that the size of their collar is tightly fitted to their neck, and the students are asked to hook up their stiff collar all the time amidst the tropical humid and hot weather. The bottom with short slits are is also too tight to allow students to walk in long strides. Many students feel it an ordeal, yet it is a visible manifest of strict discipline that is hallmark of prestigious secondary schools in Hong Kong. Some dissident students, however, express their dissatisfaction with this tradition by wearing their uniform with stand-up collar intentionally left unhooked or the bottom cut shorter than their knees.

In the 1950s, women in the workforce started to wear more functional cheongsams made of wool, twill, and other materials. Most were tailor fitted and often came with a matching jacket. The dresses were a fusion of Chinese tradition with modern styles.

The Tibetans and Vietnamese (ao dai) have related versions of this dress as their national dress.

2008年9月23日星期二

邮件开发客户的技巧

有些做外贸的朋友总是会有这样的困惑,我给客户发了邮件,怎么石沉大海?或者客户给我发了询盘,我回复后没有下文了,发了几次还是没有回应。
造成这种情况有很多种原因。

虽然一封写得比较有煽动性和有看点的邮件有助吸引客户眼球并最终勾引客户兴趣,但由于每个人阅读的习惯和兴趣不同,A认为不错的文字可能B看了不对胃口,所以说我们所能做的也就是根据回复率不断调整我们信函表达的方式和内容以争取提高广大客户的回复率,但有一点很清楚,我们并无法保证哪种方法是最好的,我们所做的只是提高概率,就象买彩票,单式和复式的中奖概率是不一样的,但你买复式就一定会中奖么?未必。因为发这种信函的时候很多非人为因素并非我们能控制得了的--好几道工序是需要老天保佑的:首先是我们的邮件不要被他们的邮件服务器BLOCK为junk mail。(其实被列为junk mail也是我们很多邮件的最终下场,虽然避免群发邮件,尽量不要在第一封信时以HTML格式发送或是不要添加附件等小技巧可以避免被列为SPAM,但来自中国的邮件还是很容易被国外的服务器列为垃圾邮件),其次是客户不要看了邮件标题就直接删除邮件(简单直接的标题对有些客户来说他看了产生兴趣直接就打开了,但有些客户可能一看就是当垃圾邮件删除,这个标题的优劣以否不好说,客户的爱好也是萝卜青菜的,各有所好,也不好把握,只能靠运气由他们选了。),再次就是看你这封信信的人是否在公司里有决定权,如果他不关心的内容可能他就当垃圾随手删掉了,所以说在这个过程中运气也满重要的。因此,我个人觉得邮件式的开发客户模式用一句话归结起来就是要在RIGHT TIME IN A RIGHT WAY TO A RIGHT PERSON WITH A GOOD LUCK。



RIGHT TIME:什么时候发信有关系么?答案是肯定的,而且关系很大。一般来说周一不适合发信,因为通常周一客户的邮箱会充满业务信件或是垃圾邮件,这时候他处理邮件就没那么认真了,也许随便扫一眼就拖进垃圾箱了;对时差相差较大的客户比如欧洲和中东印度的客户比较适合在下午发信,他们可以在工作时间内马上看到信,这对提高他们的回复率至关重要。一般来说发信的时间最好集中在周二周三周四会比较好,周五由于临近周末,客户需要处理的事情会比较多,可能比较忙,这时候客户可能也不会那么认真看你的业务推荐信了,所以发信一定要注意把握时间,这是有效提高回复率的有效手段。

RIGHT WAY:首先保证第一封推荐函一定不要群发。在我们平时以纯EMAIL方式进行开发业务的电子商务过程中,搜寻客户的方式可能有N种,但如何让客户看了你的广告函后回你信,好象也没有人敢可以绝对保证他能做到----但事实上并没有一种方式可以保证你的目标客户一定会理你,我们只能尽量写一封比较对大众胃口的推荐信以提升客户去看信的欲望及打开信后耐心看完信的兴趣并让客户了解介绍的内容后产生某些想法---想法是客户回信的动力,回复才是硬道理。当然,一封写得再惊天地泣鬼神的信发过去如果被服务器列为SPAM那也等于零;如果通过了服务器但客户一看标题感觉有垃圾邮件的味道不看直接删除的也等于零;客户看了以后没什么感觉那基本上也宣布等于零;只有客户看了感觉有点价值,虽然没有马上回复但归档处理,理论上说这还有点搞头,因为等他有需要的时他脑海里想起你后还会翻出来联系联系;当然,唯一有意义的就是客户看了你大作之后直接回复你。所以适当地根据回复率调整信函的内容和方式也是满重要的,记得第一封信最好不要写得太长或是太官样文章,最好有点新意不要跟别人发的广告信一样没创意,那谁都不会有兴趣看下去的。

RIGHT PERSON:你的信谁看了最有效,这是你发信前要考虑的问题,最好直接找到这个人而不是泛泛地指TO WHOM WHO WILL CONCERN,当然如果找不到该家伙的实际姓名只好直接称呼MR+职务了;不过强烈建议联系的时候最好能够搜到他的名字和他的个人邮箱,这样会大大提高信的回复率。如果真的找不到这个家伙的邮箱和个人邮件那只好退而求其次发到该公司的INFO邮箱让他们公司负责处理邮件的人转了,比如你发到该公司INFO邮箱里给MR.MANAGING DIRECTOR or MR.GENERAL MANAGER的信,如果内容看起来不是那么SPAM的话一般人家也会根据你信上称呼的职务帮你转的。不过这时候能帮你忙的就是信的内容了,如果你能在信中提到几句他们公司的实际的东西往往会让你的信避免列为SPAM的下场,可以说RIGHT PERSON 是提高回复率这一环里最重要的一步,找到这个可以自己做决定的人才有办法以最直接的方式打开局面进行顺畅的业务沟通,最好你能在发信之前弄到这个人的名字还有其个人邮箱。

外贸搜索的使用技巧

搜索引擎就是帮助我们来方便地查询网上信息的,但是当你输入关键词后,出现了成百上千个查询结果,而且这些结果中并没有多少你想要的东西,面对着一堆信息垃圾,这时你的心情该是如何的沮丧。不要难过,这不是因为搜索引擎没有用,而是由于你没能很好地驾驭它,没有掌握它的使用技巧,才导致这样的后果。
  每个搜索引擎都有自己的查询方法,你只有熟练的掌握它,才能运用自如。不同的搜索引擎提供的查询方法不完全相同,你要想具体了解,可以到各个网站中去查询,但有一些通用的查询方法,各个搜索引擎基本上都具有,下面就给你加以介绍。
  由于使用目录查询比较简单,你只需确定要查找目标所在的目录,然后一层层打开,逐步细化就可以找到。所以我们下面主要介绍使用关键词进行查询。

  1、简单查询

  在搜索引擎中输入关键词,然后点击“搜索”就行了,系统很快会返回查询结果,这是最简单的查询方法,使用方便,但是查询的结果却不准确,可能包含着许多无用的信息。}

  2、使用双引号用(" ")

  给要查询的关键词加上双引号(半角,以下要加的其它符号同此),可以实现精确的查询,这种方法要求查询结果要精确匹配,不包括演变形式。例如在搜索引擎的文字框中输入“电传”,它就会返回网页中有“电传”这个关键字的网址,而不会返回诸如“电话传真”之类网页。

  3、使用加号(+)

  在关键词的前面使用加号,也就等于告诉搜索引擎该单词必须出现在搜索结果中的网页上,例如,在搜索引擎中输入“+电脑+电话+传真”就表示要查找的内容必须要同时包含“电脑、电话、传真”这三个关键词。

  4、使用减号(-)

  在关键词的前面使用减号,也就意味着在查询结果中不能出现该关键词,例如,在搜索引擎中输入“电视台-中央电视台”,它就表示最后的查询结果中一定不包含“中央电视台”。

  5、使用通配符(*和?)

  通配符包括星号(*)和问号(?),前者表示匹配的数量不受限制,后者匹配的字符数要受到限制,主要用在英文搜索引擎中。例如输入“computer*”,就可以找到“computer、computers、computerised、computerized”等单词,而输入“comp?ter”,则只能找到“computer、compater、competer”等单词。

  6、使用布尔检索

  所谓布尔检索,是指通过标准的布尔逻辑关系来表达关键词与关键词之间逻辑关系的一种查询方法,这种查询方法允许我们输入多个关键词,各个关键词之间的关系可以用逻辑关系词来表示。

  and,称为逻辑“与”,用and进行连接,表示它所连接的两个词必须同时出现在查询结果中,例如,输入“computer and book”,它要求查询结果中必须同时包含computer和book。
  or,称为逻辑“或”,它表示所连接的两个关键词中任意一个出现在查询结果中就可以,例如,输入“computer or book”,就要求查询结果中可以只有computer,或只有book,或同时包含computer和book。
  not,称为逻辑“非”,它表示所连接的两个关键词中应从第一个关键词概念中排除第二个关键词,例如输入“automobile not car”,就要求查询的结果中包含automobile(汽车),但同时不能包含car(小汽车)。
  near,它表示两个关键词之间的词距不能超过n个单词。

  在实际的使用过程中,你可以将各种逻辑关系综合运用,灵活搭配,以便进行更加复杂的查询。

  7、使用括号

  当两个关键词用另外一种操作符连在一起,而你又想把它们列为一组时,就可以对这两个词加上圆括号。

  8、使用元词检索

  大多数搜索引擎都支持“元词”(metawords)功能,依据这类功能用户把元词放在关键词的前面,这样就可以告诉搜索引擎你想要检索的内容具有哪些明确的特征。例如,你在搜索引擎中输入“title:清华大学”,就可以查到网页标题中带有清华大学的网页。在键入的关键词后加上“domain:org”,就可以查到所有以org为后缀的网站。
  其他元词还包括:image:用于检索图片,link:用于检索链接到某个选定网站的页面,URL:用于检索地址中带有某个关键词的网页。

  9、区分大小写

  这是检索英文信息时要注意的一个问题,许多英文搜索引擎可以让用户选择是否要求区分关键词的大小写,这一功能对查询专有名词有很大的帮助,例如:Web专指万维网或环球网,而web则表示蜘蛛网。

凉鞋“冬眠”如何保养?



 凉鞋是美女们在夏季不可或缺的时尚“武器”,随着天气变凉,它终于可以“换岗休息”了。为了延长凉鞋的使用寿命,在储藏前,应该做一些保养,重点是去污、防霉、防干裂和防止变形。

  步骤一:凉鞋不同清洁方法不同

  皮质鞋面上的污渍不能用湿布擦,更不能放在水中浸洗,否则会破坏鞋表面的色光浆,还会使皮鞋变硬、变形。

  对于浅色的皮凉鞋,可用软布蘸上同色鞋油轻轻擦。鞋油不能涂太厚,因为鞋油具有一定的挥发性,涂得过多,时间久了会造成鞋面干裂。此外,在收藏前最好涂少许猪油,可使皮面保持柔软润泽、不易变形。

  对于光面革凉鞋,应用干布擦去污渍,上些鞋油即可。存放绒面革凉鞋可用细砂纸在污渍处轻轻摩擦保持绒面竖立。

  步骤二:做好防霉、防潮处理

  在储藏前,一定要将凉鞋自然风干。如果已有霉点,可用软布或软刷将霉点除掉,并及时补擦鞋油。如否则,鞋子存放后,发霉现象会更加严重,霉菌孢子扩散到空气中,既污染室内环境,还会危害人体健康。

  步骤三:妥善收藏防止变形

  鞋盒内放一些防潮剂,否则,鞋子受潮会长出霉菌,明年再穿时,容易导致脚癣等疾病。

  为防凉鞋变形,最好撑上鞋撑,放在鞋盒内。鞋盒应放置在远离暖气和灯光的阴凉处,不能挤压。鞋盒数量不够,尽量把凉鞋保存在不同的格子里,防止鞋子变形。

丝巾的选购心得+养护备忘录



 女人的饰品有千种,丝巾是其中最不能忽略的一种。即便在“不爱红装爱武装”的年代,在一片中性的灰、蓝、绿中,紧围于颈项间的丝巾也在发挥着她的“媚”的作用,使多少女人少了一份硬气,多了一份娴静与温柔。但毕竟,丝巾的装饰课对30岁以上的这一代而言确实是贫乏而又贫乏,对于大多数女人,她真的成了一件可有可无的配饰。

  其实,丝巾的特点就在于她的飘,她的柔,她所蕴含的“女人味”。朝九晚五一身套装的白领丽人若在颈项间披一件丝巾,行走间带出的飘逸,该是何等的动人借助丝巾的装饰作用,让自己更女性化些吧。

  如果你性格古板、个性刚硬,就选一款质地轻柔的丝巾,让表情在丝巾的撩拨下,变得生动起来。

  如果你正苦于为华贵的晚装寻找到合适的饰品,就选一款质地厚重的丝巾,让自己在丝巾的衬托下,更加卓而不群。

  不要让自己囿于繁琐的丝巾装扮技巧中,如果不知道怎样挽出漂亮的丝巾结,那就随意吧,随意地披挂上身,让丝巾飘起来,让她飘出女人的柔媚,飘出女人的动感,飘出女人的芬芳。因为,飘逸才是丝巾给予女人的最贴切的注释。

  丝巾养护备忘录

  1.丝巾易产生褶痕,所以不用时,使用衣架挂放,是最佳的保管方法。

  2.参加宴会等盛大场合时,丝巾能使你看起来更具华美气派,但绝不能将香水或蜜粉直接喷撒在丝巾上。

  3.丝巾经不起摩擦,在使用时,不要经常在同一部位上打结,否则易使该部位失去光泽或起球儿。

  4.丝巾要保持干燥,避免直接接触防虫剂。想要处理丝巾上的污垢或斑点,建议送信誉好的专业干洗店,并详细介绍情况(如何种污垢、受污时间、是否处理过等)。

  5.丝巾出现皱痕时,可在反面垫布进行低温熨烫。

  6.丝巾泛黄的原因是因绢质材质所致,并不是由于洗涤方法或保养不当引起,而是因紫外线或长时间灯光照射所致,所以,防止丝巾发黄的方法是避光。

  7.丝巾的质感细腻、柔软,但有易被勾剐的缺点,出现这一情况时,用两手抓住被勾到的部分,慢慢拉直,待回原来的状态后,用熨斗定型。

名牌包包鉴别----识别真假Dior



 拿Dior包包已经成为时尚界人士的代表特征之一。如今的Dior公司生产的手袋风格各异,优雅诱人,所以也成为各个不法盗版商家的首要仿制对象。如何辨别正品的Dior手袋已经成为一门学问。

  [拉链]

  真品Dior的金属拉链分量较重,假的则比较轻。真品Dior收口的地方通常隔着羊皮,而且用的是双线缝口。

  [皮质]

  全新真品一定有特殊的皮革味道,其味道根本无法仿,若非全新的,要摸其皮革,皮革会很软。

  [维修服务]

  Dior对于正品和仿品的界定很严,凡非专卖店出售一律视为“假货”,不得享有维修服务。

2008年9月22日星期一

Use credit cards for more gifts and discounts(2)

Using bank cards for discounts

China Minsheng Bank

China Minsheng Bank and Pacific Department Store joined together to issue a co-branded card called the Minsheng - Pacific Co-branding Card. Using this card, customers can get discounts on a variety of goods ranging from home appliances and digital products to cosmetics. For example, card holders can buy a set of Clinque moisturizing products worth RMB1460 for a reduced price of RMB 680.

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China

Good news for those who want to go to Hong Kong to shop! Until March 4th, 2007, Peony Credit Card, Peony International Card, Peony Debit Card and Peony Platinum Card holders can get 30% off on accommodation fees at the Hong Kong Jiulong Hotel, 20% off Hong Kong Liufu Jewelry and special offers in many famous flagship shops.

Guangdong Development Bank

Guangdong Development Bank is holding a special event called" Tasting your coffee life". If customers use their bank cards to buy 'Lu Kanuo' coffee machines, they will receive RMB7,590 off and a free 20-kg bag of coffee beans worth RMB850.

China CITIC Bank

Customers that use their Citibank credit cards to purchase dinners at the Beijing South Beauty Restaurant will receive discounts of up to 30 percent. In Shenzhen, Gold and Platinum card holders can receive a 20 per cent discount in 22 famous restaurants including the Xianheng Hotel, Wuhe Japanese restaurant and Haigang. If customers spend more than RMB588 on dinner they will receive a free bottle of French wine.

Use credit cards for more gifts and discounts(1)



Recently more and more people are buying with bank cards and credit cards, not just for the convenience, but also for the gifts and discounts. So in this season of sales, many banks are offering special deals for bank card and credit card users. Read on to find great deals for shopping with cards!

Buying gifts

Huaxia Bank

Until March 8th, 2007, If Huaxia bank card holders (including Liren, Zhizun Gold and all co-branded cards) use their card over 20 times, and spend an accumulated RMB10,000, their names will be entered in a draw for a free Sony digital camera worth RMB 4,999.

Industrial Bank

Until March 31st, 2007, if customers use their Industrial Bank credit cards over three times and spend over RMB99 each time, they will receive a free China Mobile rechargeable card worth RMB50 for regular card holders and RMB150 for Gold card holders.

China CITIC Bank

Until February 28th, 2007, China CITIC credit card holders can buy home appliances at certain stores (including Anzhen Gome, Sijiqing, Suning and Pengrun) on installment plans. They are also entitled to a free pig-shaped hand-warmer for every RMB1,500 purchase.

Guangdong Development Bank

Customers who use their bank cards six times for purchases of RMB199 or over will receive a free pig cushion worth RMB40. Customers who make over 6 purchases of over RMB599 or make two purchases worth RMB2,007 with their cards will receive a free Aigo Flashdisk worth RMB150. Customers that use their cards for six purchases of over RMB999 or their bank cards three times for purchases above RMB2,007 will receive an I-Fish digital pet worth RMB380.

Bank of Communications

Cooperating with the New World Department Store, the Bank of Communications has issued a kind of special card by which card users can exchange points on the card for shopping vouchers at the New World Department Store.

China Merchants Bank

From now to February 28th, 2007, China Merchants Bank will give presents to customers according to the times they use their cards. The more frequently customers use their cards, the higher their chances of winning a prize. The top 100,000 card users who withdraw over RMB100 will get a pair of 'Piggy Family' toys. The top 400,000 users that spend over RMB20 each time will receive a free pig toy.

China Everbright Bank

In the next four weeks, if you use one credit card at least once a week and the total is more than RMB 4,000, customers will receive a set of dishes and a fishing chair for free. If the total is more than RMB2,000, customers will receive a free home cleaner

Customs Regulations in China

 Entry: Tourists must fill out a baggage declaration form (in two copies) and hand it in to customs, retaining the carbon to show upon exit.
  
 Personal belongings will be admitted duty free, including food, two bottles of liquor and two cartons of cigarettes. Wristwatches, radios, tape recorders, cameras, movie cameras, and similar items may be brought in for personal use but cannot be sold or transferred to others and must be brought out of China.
  
 Gifts for relatives or friends in China, or articles carried on behalf of other, must also be declared.
  
 Visitors can bring in an unlimited amount of foreign currency and Chinese renminbi traveler’s checks, and the unspent portion can be taken out.
  
 Bringing in the following articles is prohibited:
  
  1. Arms, ammunition, and explosives of all kinds
  
  2. Radio transmitters-receivers and principal parts
  
  3. Renminbi (Chinese currency) in cash
  
  4. Manuscripts, printed matter, films, photographs, gramophone records, cinematographic films, loaded recording tapes and videotapes, etc. which are detrimental to China’s politics, economy, culture, and ethics
  
  5. Poisonous drugs, habit-forming drugs, opium, morphine, heroin, etc.
  
  6. Animals, plants and products thereof infected with or carrying germs and insect pests
  
  7. Unsanitary foodstuffs and germ-carrying food-stuffs from infected areas
  
  8. Other articles the import of which is prohibited by state regulations
  
  Exit: On leaving China, tourists must again submit the baggage declaration form for customs inspection (the second copy). Travelers by ship are exempted.
  
  Items purchased in China with RMB converted from foreign currencies may be taken out or mailed out of the country after receipts are presented for customs inspection. In cities where a Customs Office does not exit, this can be arranged through the local Friendship Store.
  
  Taking out the following articles is prohibited:
  
  1. Arms, ammunition, and explosives of all kinds
  
  2. Radio transmitters-receivers and principal parts
  
  3. Renminbi (Chinese currency) in cash and negotiable securities in RMB
  
  4. Unratified foreign currency, foreign notes or drafts
  
  5. Manuscripts, printed matter, films, photographs, gramophone records, cinematographic films, loaded recording tapes and videotapes, etc. which are detrimental to China’s national security
  
  6. Rare and precious copies of books about Chinese revolution, history, culture and art that are not for sale
  
  7. Valuable animals, plants, and seeds
  
  8. Precious metals, pearls, and jewels (things declared to the customs are exempted)
  
  9. Other articles the export of which is prohibited by state regulations

2008年9月18日星期四

7 Benefits of Mineral Makeup

Here are a few benefits of mineral makeup:

1.Mineral makeup doesn’t clog the pores so you have a cleaner complexion.

2.Mineral makeup feels lighter than liquid foundations.

3.Mineral makeup is easier to blend for a more natural Mineral makeup doesn’t clog the pores so you have a cleaner complexion.

4.Mineral makeup reflects sunlight, which of course is better for yourv skin.

5.Mineral makeup lasts longer than most traditional foundations, and even lasts over night in many cases.

6.Mineral makeup is waterproof.

7.Mineral makeup only needs a once daily application - Though I do touch up if I’m going out in the evening too.

Things to do with toothpaste

Although the primary use of toothpaste is to clean and improve the aesthetic appearance and health of teeth, there are also 26 other things that you can use it for. Every household has one and every household uses it at least twice a day. And because of the common availability of toothpaste, you can try everything below.

Remember, use only white paste. Also, check out these 62 very useful stuff that you can do with vinegar.

1.Removes stain from cloth
To take out all kinds of stain like ink or lipstick. Squeeze some on the spot, scrub and rinse.

2.Even out scratches on CD / DVD
If the screen freezes, take out the disc, put some toothpaste on it, scrub and clean it off.

3.Cleans diamond ring
Just squeeze a little on a used toothbrush, wet the ring, scrub gently, rinse and your diamond ring should be look sparkling new.

4.Cleans silver
Toothpaste can be used to polish any kind of silver. It really does bring out the shine in silverwares.

5.Placate burns
Right after you get burnt, put it on. It helps to relieve the sting.

6.Removes crayon from painted walls.
Rub the marks with the toothpaste and a damp rag. Wipe with water to get rid of residue.

7.Remove carpet stains.
Squeeze some onto the carpet, scrub, rinse and let it dry.

8.Relieves insect bites.
Spread a little over either of these and you’ll feel soothed and no itches. Mosquito, flea and ant bites work especially well.

9.Keep girl babies’ bows in their hair.
If they don’t have much hair this is particularly useful. It doesn’t pull it out, it just washes out.

10.Clean your nails.
Teeth and nails are made of the same material. To clean your nails, squeeze some on top of a toothbrush, wet your nails and brush them thoroughly. Be amazed by the sparkle.

11.Clean shoes
Scrubbing toothpaste with a wet toothbrush over the boots, working shoes and rubber part of sneakers will work. It can also be used to remove scuffs.

12.Put up posters
You can use toothpaste to put up posters without damaging the wall. However, avoid using it for collector posters. It can damage the ink over time.

13.Use it to temporarily seal holes
Can be used as a spackle to fill nail holes. This sounds evil, but you can use it right before you move out of your rented apartment.

14.Clean around the bathroom
Use it to clean shower doors and rings around the bath tub. It has an abrasive so that is why it works good.

15.Clean your vehicle’s headlight lenses
Put some toothpaste in a bowl with some water. Use a buffer pad and clean off fog caused by dirt and bugs hitting them.

16.Clean model cars
Hobbyists who collect and build model cars, robots and action figures can certainly use toothpaste to make them nice and shiny.

17.Remove scratches on your watch crystal
Dab some on the watch and scrub it with tissue.

18.Treat acne
Be very careful when using this. Use it at most once a week. Just dab a small amount on a pimple before bed, wake up and it will dry up.

19.Prevent fog in your swimming goggles
Just wipe it on, clean it off. Works well for me.

20.Clean piano keytops
A dab of toothpaste, a soft cloth and some rubbing will usually clean piano keytops and turn them white again.

21.Deodorize smelly hands
Wash your hands with a dab of toothpaste and it will remove smells like onions and other unpleasant odors.

22.Remove scratches on glassware
Polish with a squeeze of toothpaste. Your glassware should be shining in no time.

23.Remove beach tar
Getting that black beach tar on your feet can put a small crimp in your vacation, but it is easy enough to remove. Just rub it with some non-gel toothpaste and rinse.

24.Deodorize baby bottles
Works for sour smelling baby bottles. Scrub with toothpaste and a bottle brush and the bottles should end up smelling clean and fresh.

25.Cleans clothes iron image source
The mild abrasive in non-gel toothpaste is just the ticket for scrubbing the gunk off the bottom plate of your clothes iron. Apply the toothpaste to the cool iron, scrub with a cloth, then rinse clean.

26.Remove water marks from furniture image source
To get rid of those telltale watermark rings left by sweating beverages, gently rub some non-gel toothpaste on the wood with a soft cloth.

2008年9月16日星期二

Tea


Black Tea

Black tea is the most popular tea in the world. Black tea goes through full fermentation in which the leaf color darkens to give it its black color. The flavor of black tea differs and ranges from flowery and fruity to spicy and nutty. Long-term consumption of black tea can lead to a lower risk of stroke. A high concentration of flavonoids is found in black tea. This compound helps reduce clotting of arteries and act as an antioxidant that reduce levels of damaging free radicals in the body.

Green Tea

There has been increasing attention to the benefits of green tea to cure ailments in recent years. Because of its antioxidant ingredients, green tea is thought to offer health benefits in many areas, from helping prevent heart disease, to its use in anti-aging skin care remedies. Antioxidants help prevent cellular damage by fighting free radicals, and boosting our bodies?natural immune function. The soothing aroma and refreshing taste of green tea has made it the most popular tea in Asia.

Chai Tea

Chai Tea is a high-grown Indian black tea mix with Indian spices. It is so prevalent in India and Sri Lanka that it could be called the 慛ational drink? Chai is brewed with milk and a mixture of spices. Each recipe can be different depending on the spices used. Indian spiced chai is often referred to as Masala Chai. The word 慶hai?literally means tea in Hindi.

Floral Tea
Green, Black, White, and Oolong Tea are considered the major types of tea. EnjoyingTea.com would also like to bring to the consumer many fantastic floral teas that fall into the category called tisanes. In addition to be a good stand alone tea, many of the floral tea taste great when mix with black, green, oolong, or white tea.

Oolong Tea

Oolong, also known as wu-long or wulong, is a semi-fermented tea that抯 made from large, mature leaves to produce a full-bodied taste. After being picked, the leaves are withered to remove moisture. The leaves are then left to dry in the shade before the semi-fermentation process begins. Oolong is known for its pleasant nutty floral aftertaste and soothing aroma. Oolong helps to prevent indigestion and lowers cholesterol. Studies have shown that this tea also has weight loss benefits.

Puerh Tea

Puerh, also known as Polee, is a delicacy from the Yunnan province. Doctors in Kunming China reported that drinking this tea lowered cholesterol levels in the blood stream remarkably. This Pu-erh has dark reddish black leaves. This tea, with its strong persistent aroma, is very popular in the Cantonese community due to its effectiveness in getting rid of toxins in the body and helping indigestion.

Rooibos Tea

Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus Iinearis) is grown at the altitude of 2000 feet above sea level in South Africa. Research has shown Rooibos tea to be a rich natural source of antioxidants with a high level of flavonoids. The absence of caffeine makes it an ideal drink, even at night.

White Tea

Only the youngest leaves still covered with short white hair (down) are selected for the production of white tea. The selected leaves are steamed and dried in the sun. The absence of fermentation, withering, rolling and oxidation of the leaves allow white tea to contain great concentrations of polyphenols, a possible anti-cancer agent. The downs on the white tea leaves are clearly visible and give it a silvery-white appearance.

Saving Money on Traveling

 When you are planning for an independent travel, you might need to work out a budget. The ideal vacation will give the most fun for the least spending. The following tips might help you save money in travels:
  
  1. In general, the expenses on transportation command a big part of the budget. Travel by train if you have enough time. You can save a lot in this way. An example is, from Chongqing Municipality to Beijing, a round-trip flight costs about 2,800 yuan (US$337), while a round-trip train ticket costs only 800 yuan. The difference reaches 2,000 yuan.
  
  2. It is also important to select the most economic vehicles after you have arrived at the travel site. Choose from city buses, taxis or shuttle buses for special routes to scenic spots. A good suggestion is to buy a map and design the most suitable transport route in advance.
  
  3. Hotel expenses can also cost a lot if you do not have good choices. It is important to bargain for the rate at each hotel. A good way is to book your room through a travel agent or an Internet travel service provider before you start traveling.

How To Exchange RMB In China

 A foreigner can bring cash and change it at the Bank of China for RMB. Foreign money can be exchanged in China through traveler‘s cheques, currency conversion at banks and hotels. Credit cards can also be used. What follows is a more detailed explanation. Enjoy your trip!
  
  Traveler‘s Cheques
  
  Traveler‘s cheques provide a fairly secure way of carrying money. The Bank of China can cash travelers‘ cheques sold by international commercial banks and travelers‘ cheque companies in the United States, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, Britain, France, Switzerland, Germany and other countries and regions. Also the Bank of China sells travelers‘ cheques for such banks as American Express, Citibank, Tongjilong Travelers‘ Cheque Co., the Sumitomo Bank of Japan, the Swiss Banking Corporation and others.
  
  Currency Conversion
  
  Money exchange facilities for both currency and travelers‘ cheques are available at major airports, hotels, and department stores. Please note that hotels may only exchange money for their guests. The US dollar, British pound, French franc, German mark, Japanese yen, Australian dollar, Austrian schilling, Belgian franc, Canadian dollar, HK dollar, Swiss franc, Danish Krone, Singapore dollar, Malaysian ringgit, Italian lira, Macao dollar, Finnish markka, and Taiwan dollar are all exchangeable. Exchange rates fluctuate in line with international financial market conditions and are published daily by the State Exchange Control Administration.
  
  Keep your currency exchange receipts, because you will need to show them when you change RMB back to your own currency at the end of your visit to China. Currency rather than credit cards is essential in remote areas, and you should ensure that you carry sufficient RMB and travelers‘ cheques to cover your requirements.
  
  Credit Cards
  
  At present, the following credit cards are accepted in China: Master Card, Federal Card, Visa, American Express, JCB and Diners Card. Holders can draw cash from the Bank of China and pay for purchases at exchange centers of the Bank of China, appointed shops, hotels and restaurants. However, this applies only in major cities. Credit cards are not always accepted for the purchase of rail and air tickets. ATMs that accept foreign cards are few and far between. Do not rely on them as a way of obtaining cash in Mainland China.
  
  
  Consult with your bank before departing to make sure that your brand of cheque or credit card will be accepted.
  
  Currency Regulations
  
  There is no limit on the amount of foreign currency and foreign exchange bills that can be brought into China by tourists, but the amount must be declared to the customs.
  
  About RMB
  
  Chinese currency is called Renminbi (people‘s money), often abbreviated as RMB. Issued by the People‘s Bank of China it is the sole legal tender for both the Chinese nationals and foreign tourists. The unit of Renminbi is yuan and the smaller, jiao and fen. The conversion among the three is: 1 yuan = 10 jiao =100 fen. Chinese people normally refer to Yuan as Kuai, Jiao as Mao. RMB is issued both in notes and coins. The denominations of paper notes include 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 yuan; 5, 2 and 1 jiao; and 5, 2 and 1 fen. The denominations of coins are 1 yuan; 5, 2 and 1 jiao; and 5, 2 and 1 fen.

名牌包包鉴别---识别真假Gucci



[品牌] Gucci

Gucci最红的仿冒品要属双GLOGO花纹的丹宁布提包。其实,只要是有双GLOGO花纹的,无论是提包,还是皮夹,都被盗版商一一仿冒。

  [做工] 真品Gucci做工非常精细,从花纹的织法到车线、内层都非常工整干净。假Gucci的做工差强人意,要特别观察G花纹的织法是否整齐、所有车线是不是工整、收尾是不是干净、内层的皮革折叠处或切割线是不是平整,这些都是假货穿帮的地方。

  [质料] 真品Gucci的尼龙布手感挺括、厚实。假Gucci的尼龙布则比较薄,摸上去没有什么质感。

  [竹柄] 真品Gucci的竹柄分量重,木质厚,颜色较深。假Gucci的竹柄则分量较轻,木质较薄,颜色浅。

  [编号] 真品Gucci内衬标签上会印有“Gucci”及“Made in Italy”的字样,而且这个标签的背后会印有清晰编号,这就是真Gucci的身份标志。
 
  辨别真伪Gucci的小窍门:

  只要是有双G花纹的都在仿冒业者的范围内,所以仔细观察G花纹的织法是否整齐、所有车线是不是工整、收尾细不细腻、干净,都是不可放过的重要细节。检视内层的皮革折叠处或切割线是否平整,是假货穿帮的地方。

  所有在专卖店里购买的凭证、收据、皮包内的保证卡和内码,都是日后维修和二手拍卖时,验明正身的有力凭证,名牌族别乱扔。

  真品Gucci手袋购买时有以下附件:

  1.数字卡
  2.防尘带
  3.购买证明
  4.GUCCI纸袋
  5.纸盒(侧边有细长型产品型号条形码)
  6.信封带+缎带

Trade Terms

装运 shipment. loading
装上货轮 to ship, to load, to take on a ship
装运费 shipping charges, shipping commission
装运单||载货单 shipping invoice
装运单据 shipping documents
大副收据 mates receipt
装船单 shipping order
提货单 delivery order, dandy note
装船通知 shipping advice
包裹收据 parcel receipt
准装货单 shipping permit
租船契约 charter party
租船人 charterer
程租船||航次租赁 voyage charter
期租船 time charter
允许装卸时间 lay days, laying days
工作日 working days
连续天数 running days, consecutive days
滞期费 demurrage
滞期日数 demurrage days
速遣费 dispatch money
空舱费 dead freight
退关 short shipment, goods short shipped, goods shut out, shut-outs
赔偿保证书(信托收据) letter of indemnity, trust receipt
装载 loading
卸货 unloading, discharging, landing
装运重量 shipping weight, in-take-weight
卸货重量 landing weight
压舱 ballasting
压舱货 in ballast
舱单 manifest
船泊登记证书 ships certificate of registry
航海日记 ships log
船员名册 muster-roll
(船员, 乘客)健康证明 bill of health
光票 clean bill
不清洁提单 foul bill
有疑问提单 suspected bill

包装用语
用木箱包装 to be cased. to be encased
用袋装 to be bagged
用纸箱包装 to be boxed
用席包 to be matted
用捆包to be baled
包装费另计 casing extra
包装费不另计算 cased free
装箱免费 boxed free
代费免除 bagged free
席包免费 matted free
捆包免费 baled free
出口用包装 packed for export
箱外附铁箍 cases to be iron-hooped
施以铁箍 iron-hooping
施以铁条 iron-banding
用绳捆 roping
鞭打||用藤捆包 caning
情况良好 in good condition. In good order. in good state
情况特别好in excellent condition

情况差劲 in bad condition
呈腐败状况 in rotten condition
已有发霉现象 in musty condition
已受潮 in wet condition
呈干燥状况 in dry condition
已有破损 in damaged condition
呈受热状况 in heated condition
情况不很完整, 有瑕疵 in defective condition
搬运注意事项
小心搬运 Handle with care. With care
此端向上 This side up. This end up
请勿用钩 Use no hooks. Do not use dog hooks. No hooks
不可滚转 Don’t turn over
不可掉落 Don’t drop. Not to be dropped
保持干燥 Keep dry
不可横置 Keep flat. Stow level
保持直立 Stand on end. To be kept upright
易腐物品 Perishable goods
保持冷冻(不可近热) Stow in a cool place。Keep cool。 Keep from heat。 Stow cool
不可平放 Not to be laid flat。Never lay flat
不可抛掷 Not to be thrown down
不可重叠 Not to be packed under heavy cargo。/Not to be stowed below another cargo
小心易碎 Fragile-with care
不可接近锅炉或机器 Away from boilers and engines
防止潮湿 Guard against damp
易流物品 Liquid
发票用语
发票invoice
货物装运单 shipping invoice||foreign invoice
国内发票 inland invoice, domestic incoice,local invoice
领事发票||领事签证书 consular legalized invoice
海关发票 pro forma invoice
形式发票 skeleton invoice
估价单 Skeleton Invoice
提单用语
提单 Bill of Lading||B/L
清洁提单||无纠纷提单 clean Bill of Lading
不清洁提单||有不良批注提单 foul Bill of Lading
红色提单 Red Bill of Lading
联运提单 Through Bill of Lading

信用风险专业术语

SWOT分析(SWOT analysis)——分析经营风险的方法。即对企业的优势(strengths)、弱点(weaknesses)、机会(opportunities)、威胁(threats)列表分析。
Z值(Z Score)——指对企业财务状况、破产可能性的量化评估。z值主要利用核心的财务指标进行评估,它是由企业破产预测模型得出。
Z值模型(Z score models)——用少量关键指标衡量企业破产风险的模型。每一个z值模型都有自己的关键指标。不同的z值模型适用于不同的行业和不同的国家。
巴塞尔协议(Basle Agreement)——由各国中央银行、国际清算银行成员签订的国际协议,主要是关于银行最小资本充足的要求。它也被称为BIS规则(BIS rules)。
保兑信用证(Confi rmed Letter of Credit)——开出信用证的银行和第二家承兑的银行都承诺有条件地担保支付的信用证。
保留所有权的条款(Retention of Title Clause)——销售合同中注明,供应商在法律上拥有货物的所有权,直到顾客支付了货款的条款。
保证契约(Covenant)——借款人承诺遵循借款条约的书面文件,一旦借款人违背了契约书的规定,银行有权惩罚借款人。
本票(Promissory Note)——承诺在指定的日期支付约定金额的票据。
边际贷款(Marginal Lending)——新增贷款。可以指对现有客户增加的贷款,也可指对新客户的贷款。
边际客户(Marginal Customer)——指额外的客户。寻求成长机会的企业会尽力将产品销售给新客户,而且通常是不同种类的客户。这些新增客户的信用风险可能比企业现有的客户要高。
财产转换贷款(Asset Conversion Loan)——用于短期融资的短期贷款,例如,季节性的筹集营运资金。
财务报告/财务报表(Financial reports/statements)——财务报告或财务报表是分析企业信用风险时的重要信息来源。财务报告和财务报表提供了和收入、成本、利润、现金流量、资产和负债相关的信息。财务信息的最重要来源是企业的年报。
财务比率(Financial ratios)——财务比率一般用于分析企业的信誉。每一个比率都有特定的分析目的和分析对象。财务比率是企业一个会计科目与另一个会计科目数值的比值。在财务分析中,财务比率能体现数量本身无法体现的含义。
财务弹性(Financial Flexibility)——当主要现金流来源(通常是交易收入)不足时,企业从不同渠道筹措资金的能力,如变卖固定资产、举借新债等。
财务风险(Financial risk)——企业无法按时足额偿还到期债务的风险。财务风险的主要衡量指标是财务杠杆率,即企业计息负债和股东权益的比值。企业的财务风险越大,财务杠杆率就越高。利润因受意外的财务状况或环境变化影响而变化的风险。这一术语在用于描述企业的债务和财务杠杆时,指企业的利润不足以满足利息支付和其他债务支付要求的风险。 产品差别化(Product differentiation)——指企业提高产品质量并以更高价格将产品出售的战略,它是使企业获得竞争优势的一种方式。
敞口(Exposure)——企业所面临的财务风险,它根据发生的原因或来源来分类,如信用风险敞口。
代理商(Factor)——也称为应收账款代理商。它是代表客户管理、融通商业债务的公司。代理服务一般包括销售管理、信用保护、为客户承付货单、提供融资担保等。
抵押(Charge)——担保的一种形式。即借款人向借款银行承诺,一旦自身出现偿债困难时,银行对抵押财产的追索先于其他债权人。抵押一般有两种形式:对特定财产的固定抵押和对其他一系列财产(如股票、债券等)的浮动抵押。
典押(Pledge)——将货物、可流通票据、货物所有权证明等作为银行提前付款的保证。
电子数据交换系统(Electronic Data Interchange,EDI)——通过电子方式传送数据的方法。例如,EDI可以用来传送货款发票。 订货环节(Order Cycle)——从接受定单,到发出货物或提供服务、开出货物发票。
二级资本(Tier 2 Capital)——银行所拥有的非核心资本。
发票贴现(1nvoice Discounting)——折价购买选定的发票,例如,贸易债券。发票贴现商通过购买债券向客户提供融资,其折扣取决于提前预付货款的利率。
风险资产(Risk Assets)——根据带来损失的可能性,被赋予不同风险权重(0—100%)的银行资产。
福费廷(Forfaiting)——票据收购银行为资本货物出口提供融资的一种方法,生产资本货物的买方借此可以获得中长期信用。
负债比率(Debt ratio)——企业总负债与总资产的比率。
跟单信用证统一惯例(UCP)——国际上通用的使用信用证进行支付的一套程序。
股利保障倍数(Dividend Cover)——税后收益与股利的比率。例如,当税后收益是股东股利的2倍时,即股利保障倍数为2。
管理报告(Management accounts)——用于企业内部管理的预算表或预测报告。信用分析人员并不总是能获得这些报表的。预测报告很有可能过于乐观、难以信任。
国际会计准则委员会(The International Accounting Standards Board,IASB)——国际会计准则委员会是负责颁布会计准则的国际性组织。
国家风险(Country Risk)——在特定国家经营的组织,其财务状况和偿债能力由于受到所在国变化和发展的影响而存在的风险。
过度交易(Overtrading)——如果企业迅速扩张,而提供资金的长期资本不足,那么这时企业就是交易过度。过分依赖短期信用来支持企业运作。在高速成长的企业中,过度交易比较明显,如延迟付款、充分使用银行提供的透支信用额度。
合并报表(Consolidated accounts)——综合企业集团所有公司的财务报表即为合并报表,由上市的母公司(控股公司)负责公布。但是该企业集团并不是一个法人实体。只有在授信给母公司,或者母公司为子公司所借款项提供了担保时,对合并报表的分析才有意义。
坏账(Bad Debt)——无法收回的过期账款。
会计准则(Accounting standards)——会计准则对企业会计方法的规定比公司法中的要求更加细化,但仍然为企业财务报表的编制留下了操作的空间负责颁布会计准则的国际性组织是国际会计准则委员会(IASB)。世界上主要国家都采用国际会计准则委员会颁布的会计准则,因此世界各国使用的会计准则有一定的统一性。
货币集团(Currency Bloc)——国内货币的汇率与某一种主要货币密切相关的国家统称为货币集团。例如美元集团和德国马克集团。 价值链(Value Chain)——也称供应链,指一个行业内从原材料的生产到成品最终销售给消费者的各个环节。
交易对手违约风险(Counterparty Risk)——由于交易另一方不遵守合同条款所带来的风险。
经营性现金流量(Operational cash flow)——企业在一定时期里从经营活动中获得的实际净现金收入(或净现金支出)。
净现金流量(Net cash flow)——企业一段时期里现金余额的变化量。
净资本收益率(Retum on equity)——衡量经营风险(利润率与资产周转率)与财务风险的指标。
竞争优势(Competitive advantage)——所谓竞争优势就是指企业在其所提供的商品或服务方面,相对于竞争对手所具有的优势。竞争优势对于企业的长期发展和生存来说至关重要。
利润表(1ncome statement)——(英国称为profit or loss account)应该披露所有的经常项目、例外项目的损益。这些项目可能会显著提高或降低企业的利润。
利润率(Profit margin)——企业利润和销售收入的比值,通常采用百分数的形式。利润率有毛利率和净利润率两种形式。如果利润率降低,那么利润也会减少。
利息保障倍数(Interest cover)——利息保障倍数是息税前利润与利息费用的比值。利息保障倍数的降低意味着企业财务状况恶化。


流动比率(Current ratio)——企业流动资产与流动负债价值的比率。在大多数企业(但不是全部企业),流动资产低于流动负债就意味着缺乏流动性。
流动性(Liquidity)——流动性是指资产转换成现金的能力。企业的流动性可以用企业速动资产和流动负债的比值来衡量。
流动性危机(Liquidity Run)——现金支出激增,企业创造新现金流(流动性)出现困难。
留置(Lien)——担保的一种形式。它使银行保留对借款人财产的请求权,直到借款人偿还完债务。
毛利(Gross profit)——销售收入减去销售成本就得到毛利。
贸易参考(Trade Reference)——由其他供应商提供的、关于潜在新客户信用状况的参考信息。参考意见应表明该供应商与客户之间贸易关系的时间长短、该客户按时偿还欠款的可靠性。
破产(Insolvency)——无法偿还贷款。各国的破产程序各不相同。
破产管理(Receivership)——这是一个英国用语,指企业的债权人指定破产管理人的过程。破产管理人负责管理和配置这些债权人求偿的资产。破产管理人将资产管理的收益付给债权人。破产管理经常导致企业清算。
清算(Liquidation)——终止企业及其各项事务的过程。这项工作由指定的清算人来执行。
融资性现金流量(Financial cash flows)——融资性现金流量是由长期资本的变动而造成的现金支付或收入,如发行新股、获得贷款。
商业/经营风险(Business risk)——指企业的销售收入或利润率因为企业商业环境的变化(新的竞争、技术进步等)而下降的可能性。商业风险是长期风险。
商业信用(Trade Credit)——供应商向顾客提供的信用。
商誉(Goodwill)——被购并企业的购买成本和被购并资产的市场价值之间的差值就是购并商誉。最普遍的商誉记账方式是用准备金核销商誉,这样商誉成本就不用从将来的利润中摊销了。
审计报告(Auditors report)——审计报告表明审计人员认为该会计报表真实客观地反映了企业的经营状况,并符合相关法律的要求。
收回应收账款的平均天数(Days’Sales Outstanding,DSO)——收回账款所花的平均天数。
收款环节(Collection Cycle)——从开出货款发票直至收到账款。
受信比率(Credit-taken Ratio)——将客户目前所欠的总债务额除以该客户年购买额得出的比率。该比率越高表明信用风险越高。
速动比率或酸性测试比率(Quick ratio or acid test ratio)——速动比率(酸性测试比率)是速动资产(流动资产减去存货)与流动负债的比值。如果流动负债高于速动资产,就说明企业的流动性不充足。
速动资产(Liquid assets)——现金或能迅速转换为现金的资产。
无信贷间隔天数(No Credit Interval—NCI)——测量流动性的另一个指标。无信贷间隔天数(NCI)就是假定企业不再继续销售产品,在用完现金之前,能够以自有的可变现资源为经营活动提供资金的时间长度。
现金流量预测(Cash Flow Projection)——对企业未来现金流量或者未来现金状况的估计,常常需根据历史收入和成本对未来的现金状况做出假设。
信用的利用率(Credit Utilization)——客户利用现有的融资额度的程度。它以当前未付的债款额占信用限额的百分比表示。
信用分析(Credit analysis)——分析、衡量信用风险的系统化程序。
信用分析人员(Credit analyst)——分析企业信誉的人。信用分析人员必须收集企业所在行业的相关信息。此外,还必须对企业高级管理人员做出客观判断。分析师需要研究企业管理层的专业化程度、所具有的经验和稳定性。如果企业的董事长(总裁)和CEO是同一个人,那么企业的信用风险将取决于个人的性格和管理风格。
信用风险(Credit Risk)——债务人延期支付或拒绝支付债务的风险。
信用观察(Credit Watch)——由信用机构对一组织的债务信用进行的跟踪监控,以便随时更新原有的评级。它也被称为评级观察(rating watch)。
信用评分(Credit Scoring)——根据业务的一些主要特征进行评估,并求出总的信用分数,据此来评定客户信誉,进行信用分类。通过研究企业的财务比率来衡量企业的信誉。
信用评级(Credit Rating)——一种对某发行债券或其他债务证券的利息按时全额支付的可能性、以及债务本金到期全部偿还可能性的量化判断或正式意见。信用评级由专门机构负责。长期债务的最高信用评级为AAA(3A)。
信用循环(Credit Cycle)——从客户发出订单开始到偿付债款。
信用证(Letter 0f Credit)——一种国际通用的出口销售支付方式。指任意一家银行或两家银行代表购买方向供货方做出的有条件的支付担保。
信誉(Creditworthiness)——企业长期借贷的信誉取决于企业借款投资项目的盈利能力和预期的盈利速度。
行业风险(1ndustry Risk)——一个行业中所有企业可能因行业不景气而盈利下降的风险。
寻机性会计(Creative accounting)——寻机性会计源于企业在相关法规的许可下可选择使用的会计政策的多样性。此外,判断的需要也给企业留下了调整数据的空间。 寻机性会计(Creative Accounting)——利用有利的会计准则,编制损益表和资产负债表。寻机性会计方法可以用来提高报告利润和资产价值,掩盖企业的真实财务状况。
银行信用(Bank Credit)——银行向顾客提供的信贷。
盈利能力分析(Profitability analysis)——反映企业盈利能力的指标主要有三个,它们是:资本收益率、利润率、资产周转率。
营运资本(Working Capital)——通常指存货、债权和债务。一般指存货加上债权减去债务就等于营运资本。
优先支出(Priority Expenditures)——指为避免迫在眉睫的流动风险而必须支出的费用。除了正常交易所需支出(如支付工资)外,它还包括利息和税款的支付。
逾期应收款列表(Aged Debtors’List)——对逾期账款进行分析和量化的报告。
折旧(Depreciation)——折旧是对固定资产由于长期使用、技术或市场进步等原因造成的损耗、价值损失的衡量。固定资产折旧要从利润中扣除。固定资产折旧的数额根据企业管理层的判断,由固定资产的预计使用年限、预计净残值、折旧方式共同决定。
状况报告(Status Report)——关于企业财务状况和偿款记录的详细报告。状况报告可以由信用咨询机构或银行提供。
准备金会计处理(Reserve Accounting)——将收益、损失或支出记作准备金账户中数额的增减,而非年度损益表中的盈利、损失或支出项目所做的会计处理。
资本充足(Capital Adequacy)——指有足够的长期资本来保证财务安全。对银行来说,资本充足指有足够的资本金来防止银行因交易损失(如银行坏账)而给储户带来存款损失的风险。
资本收益率(Retum on capital employed,return on assets)——利润率与资产周转率的乘积。资本收益率越高越好。
资产周转率(Asset tu rnover)——资产周转率关注的是企业的销售量,它可以衡量出每l美元资产所获得的销售收人,反映了企业的盈利能力。
自决性现金流量(Discretionary cash flows)——自决性现金流量是企业不必一定支付或收到的现金流量,它和经营活动没有直接关系。自决性现金流量包括固定资产的购买和出售以及股利支付的现金流量。
最低举债比率(Minimum Leverage Ratio)——是一种对资本充足的要求——要求银行的资本金不少于其资产的一定比例。
优先性现金流量(Priority cash flows)——优先性现金流量是企业的非交易性现金支出,用于避免企业出现财务危机,主要包括利息和税收的支付。
A值模型(A-score model)——用少量关键指标衡量企业破产风险的模型。该模型既考虑到了财务指标,也考虑到了非财务指标。分析人员根据企业表现,为每一个指标打分,最后加总所有分数,就得到该企业的A值。如果A值高于某一标准,说明企业的破产风险很高。另一种衡量企业破产风险的模型是z值模型。
互换协议(Swap)——双方之间签订的交换未来一系列支付行为的合约。在利率的互换协议中,一方用固定的利率交换另一方的浮动利率。
经营现金流量(Operational Cash Flow)——业务经营中产生的现金流,一般是净值。即用顾客付款减去营运需要的现金得到的现金额。
内部融资率(1 nternal financing ratio)——内部融资率衡量企业资本费用中有多少来自于经营性现金流量。
违约事件(Event 0f Default)——借款人不履行契约。
现金流量分析(Cash flow analysis)——衡量企业以现金偿还贷款和其他债务能力的分析方法。对现金流量比率的分析方法有:比较比率自身的变化趋势;和其他企业的比率作比较。有时候也可以和销售比率的最大值或最小值进行比较。
信用机构(Credit Bureau)——为客户提供企业信用信息的机构。
一级资本(Tier 1 Capital)——银行的核心资本,包括股本金和准备金,但不包括评估增值储备(revaluation reserves)。
营运资本(Working capital)——企业在流动资产上的投资。对营运资本的恰当定义是存货加上债权减去流动负债。企业所需营运资本的数量经常波动,有时会巨幅波动。对营运资本的需要与企业的商业循环周期、现金循环周期相关。
逾期应收款报告(Aged Debtors’Report)——列明逾期应收款和过期时间长度的报告。

银行英语:
出口信贷 export credit
出口津贴 export subsidy
商品倾销 dumping
外汇倾销 exchange dumping
优惠关税 special preferences
保税仓库 bonded warehouse
贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade
贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade
进口配额制 import quotas
自由贸易区 free trade zone
对外贸易值 value of foreign trade
国际贸易值 value of international trade
普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP
最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT

-------------------价格条件----------------------
价格术语trade term (price term)   运费freight
单价 price          码头费wharfage
总值 total value       卸货费landing charges
金额 amount         关税customs duty
净价 net price        印花税stamp duty
含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues
回佣return commission   装运港portof shipment
折扣discount,allowance   卸货港port of discharge
批发价 wholesale price  目的港portof destination
零售价 retail price    进口许口证inportlicence
现货价格spot price    出口许口证exportlicence
期货价格forward price
现行价格(时价)current price prevailingprice
国际市场价格 world (International)Marketprice
离岸价(船上交货价)FOB-free on board
成本加运费价(离岸加运费价) C&F-cost and freight
到岸价(成本加运费、保险费价)CIF-cost,insurance and freight

--------------------交货条件----------------------
交货delivery    轮船steamship(缩写S.S)
装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间 time of delivery
 定程租船voyage charter; 装运期限time of shipment   定期租船time charter
托运人(一般指出口商)shipper,consignor
收货人consignee
班轮regular shipping liner   驳船lighter
舱位shipping space       油轮tanker
报关clearance of goods   陆运收据cargo receipt
提货to take delivery of goods
空运提单airway bill     正本提单original B\L
选择港(任意港)optional port      
选港费optional charges
选港费由买方负担 optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或 optional charges for Buyers account
一月份装船 shipment during January 或 January shipment
一月底装船 shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.
一/二月份装船 shipment during Jan./Feb.或 Jan./Feb. shipment
在......(时间)分两批装船 shipment during....in two lots
在......(时间)平均分两批装船 shipment during....in two equal lots
分三个月装运 in three monthly shipments
分三个月,每月平均装运 in three equal monthly shipments
立即装运 immediate shipments
即期装运 prompt shipments
收到信用证后30天内装运 shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C
允许分批装船 partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted
partial shipment not unacceptable

---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------
订单 indent       订货;订购 book; booking
电复 cable reply    实盘 firm offer
递盘 bid; bidding   递实盘 bid firm
还盘 counter offer   发盘(发价) offer
发实盘 offer firm    询盘(询价) inquiry;enquiry

---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------
指示性价格 price indication
速复 reply immediately
参考价 reference price
习惯做法 usual practice
交易磋商 business negotiation     
不受约束 without engagement
业务洽谈 business discussion
限**复 subject to reply **
限* *复到 subject to reply reaching here **
有效期限 time of validity  
有效至**: valid till **
购货合同 purchase contract   销售合同 sales contract
购货确认书 purchase confirmation
销售确认书 sales confirmation      
一般交易条件 general terms and conditions
以未售出为准 subject to prior sale
需经卖方确认 subject to sellers confirmation
需经我方最后确认 subject to our final confirmation

------------------贸易方式------------------------
INT (拍卖auction)       寄售consignment
招标invitation of tender
投标submission of tender
一般代理人agent      总代理人general agent
代理协议agency agreement
累计佣金accumulative commission
补偿贸易compensation trade
   (或抵偿贸易)compensating/compensatory trade
   (又叫:往返贸易) counter trade
来料加工processing on giving materials
来料装配assembling on provided parts
独家经营/专营权exclusive right
独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement
独家代理 sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency;
   exclusive agent

-------------------品质条件-----------------------
品质 quality      原样 original sample
规格 specifications   复样 duplicate sample
说明 description    对等样品 countersample
标准 standard type   参考样品 reference sample
商品目录 catalogue   封样 sealed sample
宣传小册 pamphlet    公差 tolerance
货号 article No.    花色(搭配) assortment
样品 sample 5%     增减 5% plus or minus
代表性样品 representative sample
大路货(良好平均品质)fair average quality

--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------
索赔 claim        争议disputes
罚金条款 penalty      仲裁arbitration
不可抗力 force Majeure  仲裁庭arbitral tribunal
产地证明书certificate of origin
品质检验证书 inspection certificate of quanlity
重量检验证书 inspection certificate of weight (quantity)
**商品检验局 **commodity inspection bureau (*.C.I.B)
品质、重量检验证书 inspection certificate

---------------------数量条件-----------------------
个数 number         净重 net weight
容积 capacity        毛作净 gross for net
体积 volume         皮重 tare
毛重 gross weight     
溢短装条款 more or less clause

-----------------------外 汇-------------------------
外汇 foreign exchange   法定贬值 devaluation
外币 foreign currency   法定升值 revaluation
汇率 rate of exchange   浮动汇率floating rate
国际收支 balance of payments   硬通货 hard currency
直接标价 direct quotation    软通货 soft currency
间接标价 indirect quotation   金平价 gold standard
买入汇率 buying rate      通货膨胀 inflation
卖出汇率 selling rate     固定汇率 fixed rate
金本位制度 gold standard    黄金输送点 gold points
铸币平价 mint par    纸币制度 paper money system
国际货币基金 international monetary fund
黄金外汇储备 gold and foreign exchange reserve
汇率波动的官定上下限 official upper and lower limits of fluctuation
银行交易
bank book/pass book存折 open an account开户earn interest赚取利息 savings account储蓄存款帐户current account活期存款帐户 check/cheque account支票帐户deposit account定期存款帐户 annual interest rate年利率monthly savings account按月计息帐户 daily interest account按天计息帐户instant account速成户头 service charge服务费/手续费signature card签名卡 draw/withdraw提款 order check/cheque记名支票 rubber check/cheque空头支票blank check/cheque空白支票 exchange rate汇率denomination=face value面额 four in hundred四张一百元面额give the money in fives/tens换成五元或十元面额bill钞票 change零钱cash现金 password/code密码amount in figures小写金额 amount in words大写金额credit card信用卡 the balance of your bank account帐户余额 traveler’s check/chque旅行支票 coin硬币penny便士 nickel(美、加)的五分硬币dime(美、加)的十分硬币 unit 货币单位value/worth面值 ounce盎司1/16磅commercial/merchant bank商业银行 full refund全额偿还extension延期 overdraw/overdraft透支rebate回扣 payday发薪日pay slip/envelop薪水单 mortgage抵押expense account公款支付帐户a princely sum(an excessive amount)巨款apply for/grant_______a loan申请/批准贷款debt债务 collateral担保物fill out/in填写 chquebook/checkbook支票簿loan贷款 joint account联名帐户by installment分期付款 cashier收银员teller银行职员 statement对帐单money order汇票 accountant会计 A.T.M自动取款机

Main Port in the World

1 Aalborg 奥尔堡 丹麦 西北欧

2 Aalesund 奥勒松 挪威 北欧

3 Aarhus 奥尔胡斯 丹麦 西北欧

4 Abadan 阿巴丹 伊朗 波斯湾

5 Aberdeen 阿伯丁郡 英国 欧洲

6 Abidjan 阿比让 科特迪瓦 西非

7 Abu Dhabi 阿布扎比 阿联酋 波斯湾

8 Acajutla 阿卡胡特拉 萨尔瓦多 中南美

9 Acapulco 阿卡普尔科 墨西哥 中南美

10 Accra 阿克拉 加纳 西非

11 Adelaide 阿德莱德 南澳洲 澳新

12 Aden 亚丁 也门 红海

13 Agadir 阿加迪尔 摩洛哥 地中海

14 Agana 阿加尼亚 关岛 西太平洋

15 Alexandria 亚历山大 埃及 地中海

16 Algeciras 阿尔赫西拉斯 西班牙 地中海

17 Algiers 阿尔及尔 阿尔及利亚 地中海

18 Amsterdam 阿姆斯特丹 荷兰  

19 Ancona 安科纳 意大利 地中海

20 Annaba 安纳巴 阿尔及利亚 地中海

21 Antofagasta 安托法加斯塔 智利 中南美

22 Antwerp 安特卫普 比利时 西北欧

23 Apapa 阿帕帕 尼日利亚 西非

24 Apia 阿皮亚 西萨磨亚群岛 澳新

25 Aqaba 亚喀巴 约旦 红海

26 Arica 阿里卡 智利 中南美

27 Arkhangelsk 阿尔汉格尔斯克 俄罗斯  

28 Aseb 阿萨布 埃塞俄比亚 非洲

29 Ashdod 阿什杜德 以色列 地中海

30 Assab 阿萨布 埃塞俄比亚 红海

31 Athens 雅典 希腊 地中海

32 Atlanta 亚特兰大 美国  

33 Auckland 奥克兰 新西兰 澳新

34 Avonmouth 阿芬默斯 英国 西北欧

35 Bahia Blanca 布兰卡港 阿根廷 中南美

36 Bahrain 巴林 巴林 波斯湾

37 Balboa 巴尔博亚 巴拿马 中南美

38 Baltimore 巴尔的摩 美国 美东

39 Banana 巴纳纳 扎伊尔 西非

40 Bandar Abbas 阿巴斯港 伊朗 波斯湾

41 Bandar Khomeini 霍梅尼港 伊朗 波斯湾

42 Bandar Seri Begawan 斯里巴加湾市 文莱  

43 Bangkok 曼谷 泰国 暹罗湾

44 Banjarmaisn 马辰 印尼 东南亚

45 Banjul(banthurst) 班珠尔 冈比亚 西非

46 Bar 巴尔 南斯拉夫  

47 Barcelona 巴塞罗那 西班牙 地中海

48 Barranquilla 巴兰基利亚 哥伦比亚 中南美

49 Basra 巴士拉 伊拉克 波斯湾

50 Bassein 勃生 缅甸 孟加拉湾

51 Bata 巴塔 赤道几内亚 西非

52 Beira 贝拉 莫桑比克 东非

53 Beirut 贝鲁特 黎巴嫩 地中海

54 Belawan 乌拉湾 印尼 东南亚

55 Belem 贝伦 巴西 南美

56 Belfast 贝尔法斯特 英国 西北欧

57 Belize 伯利兹 伯利兹 中南美

58 Belmopan 贝尔莫潘 伯利兹 中南美

59 Benghazi 班加西 利比亚 地中海

60 Berbera 伯贝拉 索马里 东非

61 Bergen 卑尔根 挪威 西北欧

62 Berne 伯尔尼 瑞士  

63 Bilbao 毕尔巴鄂 西班牙? 西北欧

64 Birkenhead 伯肯黑德 英国 西北欧

65 Bissau 比绍 及内比亚绍 西非

66 Bizerta 比塞大 突尼斯 地中海

67 Boma 博马 扎伊尔 西非

68 Bombay 孟买 印度 波斯湾

69 Bordeaux 波尔多 法国 西北欧

70 Boston 波士顿 美国 北美

71 Boston 波士顿 英国 西北欧

72 Bourgas 布尔加斯 保加利亚 地中海

73 Bremen 不莱梅 德国 西北欧

74 Bremenhaven 不来梅哈芬 德国 西北欧

75 Brest 布雷斯特 法国 西北欧

76 Bridgetown 布里奇顿 巴巴多斯 中南美

77 Brindisi 布林迪西 意大利 地中海

78 Brisbane 布里斯班 德国 西北欧

79 Bristol 布里斯托尔 英国 西北欧

80 Buenaventura 布埃纳文图拉 哥伦比亚 南美

81 Buenos Aires 布宜诺斯艾利斯 阿根廷 南美

82 Burnie 伯尼 澳大利亚 澳大利亚

83 Busan 釜山 南韩 南韩

84 Bushire 布什尔 伊朗 中东

85 Butterworth 巴特沃斯 马来西亚 东南亚

86 Cabinda 卡宾达 安哥拉 西非

87 Cadiz 加的斯 西班牙 西北欧

88 Cagliari 卡利亚里 意大利  

89 Calcutta 加尔各答 印度 印度次大陆

90 Callao 卡亚俄 秘鲁 南美

91 Cam Pha 锦普 越南 东南亚

92 Cambridge 坎布里奇 美国 美东

93 Cape Town 开普顿 南非 西非

94 Caracas 加拉加斯 委内瑞拉 中南美

95 Cardiff 加的夫 英国 西北欧

96 Cartagena 卡塔赫纳 西班牙  

97 Cartagena 卡塔赫纳 哥伦比亚 中南美

98 Casablanca 卡萨布兰卡 摩洛哥 西非

99 Cayenne 卡宴 圭亚那 中南美

100 Cebu 宿务 菲律宾 东南亚

101 Charleston 查尔斯顿 美国 北美

102 Charlotte 夏洛特 美国 北美

103 Charlotte Aamalie 夏洛特阿马利亚 维尔京群岛(美属) 中美

104 Chennai   印度 印度次大陆

105 Cheribon 井里文 印尼 东南亚

106 Chiba 千叶 日本 亚洲

107 Chicago 芝加哥 美国 北美

108 Chimbote 钦博特 秘鲁 南美

109 Chittagong 吉大港 孟加拉 印度次大陆

110 Chongjin(Seishin) 清律 朝鲜 亚洲

111 Christchurch 克赖斯特彻奇 新西兰 澳新线

112 Christiansted 克里斯琴斯特德 维尔京群岛(美属) 中美

113 Churchill 彻奇尔 加拿大 北美

114 Cienfuegos 西恩付戈斯 古巴 中南美

115 Cleveland 克利夫兰 美国 北美

116 Coatzacoalcos 夸察夸尔科斯 墨西哥 北美

117 Cochin 科钦 印度 印度次大陆

118 Colombo 科伦坡 斯里兰卡 印度次大陆

119 Colon 科隆 巴拿马 中南美

120 Columbus 哥伦布 美国 北美

121 Conakry 科纳克里 几内亚 非洲

122 Constanza 康斯坦察 罗马尼亚 地中海

123 Copenhagen 哥本哈根 丹麦 西北欧

124 Corinto 科林托 尼加拉瓜 中南美

125 Cork 科克 爱尔兰 西北欧

126 Cotonou 科托努 贝宁 非洲

127 Cristobal 克里斯托巴尔 巴拿马 中南美

128 Crotone 克努托内 意大利  

129 Cruz Grande 克鲁斯格兰德 智利 中南美

130 Cumana 库马纳 委内瑞拉 南美

131 Dacca 达卡 孟加拉 印度次大陆

132 Dakar 达喀尔 塞内加尔 非洲

133 Dalian 大连 中国 亚洲

134 Dallas 达拉斯 美国 北美

135 Damietta 达米埃塔 埃及 地中海

136 Dammam 达曼 沙特阿拉伯 地中海

137 Danang 岘港 越南 东南亚

138 Dar El-Beida 达尔贝达 摩洛哥 非洲

139 Dar Es Salaam 达累斯萨拉姆 坦桑尼亚 非洲

140 Darwin 达尔文 澳大利亚 澳新线

141 Detroit 底特律 美国 北美

142 Djakarta(Jakarta) 雅加达 印尼 东南亚

143 Djibouti 吉布提 吉布提 红海

144 Doha 多哈 卡塔尔 地中海

145 Douala 杜阿拉 喀麦隆 非洲

146 Dover 多佛尔 英国 西北欧

147 Dubai 迪拜 阿拉伯酋长联合国 地中海

148 Dublin 都柏林 爱尔兰 西北欧

149 Dunedin 达尼丁 新西兰 澳新线

150 Dunkirk 敦刻尔克 法国 西北欧

151 Durban 德班 南非 非洲

152 Durres 都拉斯 阿尔巴尼亚 欧洲

153 Dusseldorf 杜赛尔多夫 德国 西北欧

154 DutchHarbour 荷兰港 美国 北美

155 East Canada   加拿大 北美

156 East London 东伦敦 南非 非洲

157 Ensenada 恩塞纳达 墨西哥 中南美

158 Felixstowe 费力克斯托 英国 欧洲

159 Fort de France 法兰西堡 马提尼克岛 中南美

160 Fos 福斯 法国 欧洲

161 Frankfurt 法兰克福 德国 西北欧

162 Fredericia 腓特烈西亚 丹麦 北欧

163 Fredrikstad 腓特烈斯塔 挪威 北欧

164 Freeport 弗里波特 巴哈马 中南美

165 Freetown 弗里敦 塞拉利昂 西非

166 Fremantle 佛里曼特尔 西澳洲 澳新线

167 Fukuoka 福冈 日本 亚洲

168 Fukuyama 福山 日本 亚洲

169 Funafuti 富纳富提 图瓦卢 澳新线

170 Funchal 丰沙尔 马德拉群岛 西非

171 Fuzhou 福州 中国 亚洲

172 Gdansk 格但斯克 波兰 西北欧

173 Gdynia 格丁尼亚 波兰 西北欧

174 Geelong 吉朗 澳大利亚 澳新线

175 Gela 杰拉 意大利 地中海

176 Gemlik 盖姆利克 土耳其 中东

177 Genoa(Genova) 热那亚 意大利 地中海

178 Georgetown 乔治敦 圭亚那 中南美

179 Georgetown 乔治敦 马来西亚 东南亚

180 Georgetown 乔治敦 美国 北美

181 Georgetown 乔治敦 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯 中南美

182 Georgetown 乔治敦 加拿大 北美

183 Ghent 根特 比利时 西北欧

184 Gibraltar 直布罗陀 直布罗陀 西北欧

185 Gijon 希洪 西班牙  

186 Gioia Tauro 焦亚陶罗 意大利 地中海

187 Glasgow 格拉斯哥 英国 西北欧

188 Godthab 戈特霍布 格陵兰 北美

189 Gothenburg 哥德堡 瑞典 西北欧

190 Grangemouth 格兰杰默斯 英国 西北欧

191 Guadalajara 瓜达拉哈拉 墨西哥 中南美

192 Guam 关岛 马利亚纳群岛 澳新线

193 Guangzhou 广州 中国 亚洲

194 Guayaquil 瓜亚基尔 厄瓜多尔 南美

195 Guaymas 瓜伊马斯 墨西哥 北美

196 Gwadur 瓜达尔 巴基斯坦 印度次大陆

197 Hai Kou 海口 中国 亚洲

198 Haifa 海法 以色列 中东

199 Haiphong 海防 越南 东南亚

200 Hakata 伯方 日本 亚洲

201 Hakodate 涵馆 日本 亚洲

202 Halifax 哈立法克斯 美国 北美

203 Halmstad 哈尔姆斯塔德 瑞典 西北欧

204 Halmstad 哈尔姆斯塔德 瑞典 北欧

205 Hamburg 汉堡 德国 西北欧

206 Hamilton 哈密尔顿 加拿大 北美

207 Hamilton 哈密尔顿 百慕大群岛 中南美

208 Hanoi 河内 越南 东南亚

209 Haugesund 豪格松 挪威 西北欧

210 Havana 哈瓦那 古巴 中南美

211 Helsinborg 赫尔辛堡 瑞典 西北欧

212 Helsingo 赫尔辛格 丹麦 西北欧

213 Helsinki 赫尔辛基 芬兰 西北欧

214 Hiroshima 广岛 日本 亚洲

215 Ho Chi Ming City 胡志明市 越南 东南亚

216 Hobart 霍巴特 澳大利亚 澳新线

217 Hodeidah 荷台达 也门 中东

218 Honalulu 檀香山 美国 北美

219 Hong Kong 香港 中国 亚洲

220 Hongay 鸿基 越南 东南亚

221 Honiara 霍尼亚拉 所罗门群岛 澳新线

222 Horta 澳尔塔 亚速尔群岛(葡属) 西非

223 Houston 休斯敦 美国 北美

224 Huangpu 黄埔 中国 亚洲

225 Hudaydak Al 荷台达 也门 西亚

226 Hull 赫尔 英国 西北欧

227 Hungnam 兴南 朝鲜 东亚

228 Ilo 伊洛 秘鲁 南美

229 Immingham 伊明赫姆船坞 英国 西北欧

230 Inchon 仁川 南韩 亚洲

231 Iquique 伊基克 智利 南美

232 Iskenderun 伊斯肯德伦 土耳其 地中海

233 Istanbul 伊斯坦布尔 土耳其 中东

234 Izmir 伊兹密尔 土耳其 中东

235 Jacksonvile 捷克逊维尔 美国 北美

236 Jakarta 雅加达 印尼 东南亚

237 Jebel Ali 杰贝阿里 阿联酋 中东

238 Jeddah 吉达 沙特阿拉伯 中东

239 Jogjakarta 日惹 印尼 东南亚

240 Johannesburg 约翰内斯堡 南非 南非

241 Johore Bahru 柔佛巴鲁 马来西亚 东南亚

242 Kagoshima 鹿儿岛 日本 亚洲

243 Kakinada 卡基纳达 印度 印度次大陆

244 Kaliningrad 加里宁格勒 俄罗斯 西北欧

245 Kampong saon 磅逊 柬埔寨 东南亚

246 Kanazawa 金泽 日本 亚洲

247 Kandla 坎德拉 印度 印度次大陆

248 Kansas City 堪萨斯城 美国 北美

249 Kaoshiung 高雄 台湾 亚洲

250 Karachi 卡拉奇 巴基斯坦 印度次大陆

251 Katakia 拉塔基亚 叙利亚 西亚

252 Kavieng 卡维恩 巴布亚新几内亚 澳新线

253 Kawasaki 川崎 日本 亚洲

254 Keelung 基隆 台湾 亚洲

255 Kholmsk 霍尔姆斯克 俄罗斯 西北欧

256 Khor Fakkan 豪尔费坎 阿联酋 地中海

257 Khorramshahr 霍拉姆沙赫尔 伊朗 波斯湾

258 Kiel 基尔 德国 北欧

259 Kiev 基辅 俄罗斯 欧洲

260 Kingston 金斯顿 牙买加 中南美

261 Kismayu 基斯马尤 索马里 东非

262 Kobe 神户 日本 亚洲

263 Kompong Som 磅逊 柬埔寨 亚洲

264 Koper 科佩尔 斯洛文尼亚 地中海

265 Kota Kinabalu 亚庇(哥打基) 马来西亚 东南亚

266 Kotka 科特卡 芬兰 西北欧

267 Kuala Lumpur 吉隆坡 马来西亚 东南亚

268 Kuantan 关丹 马来西亚 东南亚

269 Kuching 古晋 马来西亚 东南亚

270 Kudat 库达特 马来西亚 东南亚

271 Kukura 小仓 日本 亚洲

272 Kure 吴港 日本 亚洲

273 Kuwait 科威特 科威特 波斯湾

274 Kwangyang 光阳 南韩 亚洲

275 La Conuna 拉科鲁尼亚 西班牙  

276 La Guaira 拉瓜伊拉 委内瑞拉 中南美

277 La Paz 拉巴斯 墨西哥 中南美

278 La Plata 拉普拉塔 阿根廷 中南美

279 La Rouchelle 拉罗歇尔 法国  

280 La Spezia 拉斯佩齐亚 意大利 欧洲

281 Labuan 拉布安(纳闽) 马来西亚 东南亚

282 Lae 莱城 巴布亚新几内亚 澳新线

283 Laem Chabang 林查班 泰国 东南亚

284 Lagos 拉各斯 尼日利亚 非洲

285 Lancaster 兰凯斯特 英国 欧洲

286 Las Palmas 拉斯帕尔马斯 加纳利群岛 西非

287 Lattajua 拉塔基亚 叙利亚 地中海

288 Launceston 朗塞斯顿 澳大利亚 澳新线

289 Lautoka 劳托卡 斐济群岛 澳新线

290 Lazaro Cardenas 拉萨罗-卡德纳斯 墨西哥 中美

291 Le havre 勒哈弗尔 法国 欧洲

292 Leghorn(Livormo) 来航 意大利 欧洲

293 Leningrad 圣彼得堡 俄罗斯 欧洲

294 Lianyungang 连云港 中国 亚洲

295 Libreville 利伯维尔 加蓬 非洲

296 Limassol 利马索尔 塞浦路斯 地中海

297 Limon 利蒙 哥斯达黎加  

298 Lindi 林迪 坦桑尼亚 东非

299 Lisbon 里斯本 葡萄牙 西北欧

300 Liverpool 利物浦 英国 西北欧

301 Lome 洛美 多哥 非洲

302 London 伦敦 英国 西北欧

303 Londonderry 伦敦德里 英国 西北欧

304 Long Beach 长滩 美国 北美

305 Los Angeles 洛杉矶 美国 北美

306 Lourenco-Marques 洛伦索-马贵斯(马普托) 莫桑比克 东非

307 Luanda 罗安达 安哥拉 非洲

308 Lubeck 卢贝克 德国 西北欧

309 Lyttelton 利特尔顿 新西兰 澳新线

310 Macao 澳门 中国 亚洲

311 Madang 马丹 巴布亚新几内亚 澳新线

312 Madras 马德拉斯 印度 印度次大陆

313 Madrid 马德里 西班牙 地中海

314 Mahe 马希 印度 印度次大陆

315 Majunga 马任加 马达加斯加 东非

316 Makasar 望加锡 印尼 东南亚

317 Malabo(SantaIsabel) 马拉博 赤道几内亚 西非

318 Malacca 马六甲 马来西亚 东南亚

319 Malaga 马拉加 西班牙  

320 Male 马累 马尔代夫 波斯湾

321 Malindi 马林迪 肯尼亚 东非

322 Malmo 马尔默 瑞典 西北欧

323 Malta 马耳他 马耳他 地中海

324 Manama,Al 麦纳麦 巴林  

325 Manaus 马瑙斯 巴西 南美

326 Manchester 曼彻斯特 英国 西北欧

327 Manila 马尼拉 菲律宾 东南亚

328 Manta 曼塔 厄瓜多尔 南美

329 Manzanillo 曼萨尼约 墨西哥 中美

330 Manzanillo(P) 曼萨尼约角 巴拿马 中美

331 Maputo 马普托 莫桑比克  

332 Mar del Plata 马德普拉塔 阿根廷 中南美

333 Maracaibo 马拉开波 委内瑞拉 中南美

334 Marseilles 马赛 法国 欧洲

335 Massawa 马萨瓦 埃塞俄比亚 红海

336 Matadi 马塔迪 扎伊尔 非洲

337 Matanzas 马但萨斯 古巴  

338 Mazatlan 马萨特兰 墨西哥  

339 Melbourne 墨尔本 澳大利亚 澳新线

340 Memphis 孟菲斯 美国 北美

341 Menado 万鸦老 印尼 东南亚

342 Mersin 梅尔辛 土耳其 地中海

343 Messina 墨西拿 意大利 地中海

344 Mexico City 墨西哥城 墨西哥 中美

345 Miami 迈阿密 美国 北美

346 Middlesbrough 米德尔斯伯勒 英国 欧洲

347 Midland 米德兰 加拿大 北美

348 Milford 米尔福德港 英国  

349 Mindelo 明德卢 佛得角 西非

350 Miri 米里 马来西亚 东南亚

351 Mobile 莫比尔 美国 北美

352 Mogadiscio 摩加迪沙 索马里 东非

353 Moji 门司 日本 亚洲

354 Mokha 穆哈 也门 红海

355 Mokpo 木浦 朝鲜  

356 Molalla,Al 穆卡拉 也门  

357 Momasa 蒙巴萨 肯尼亚 非洲

358 Monrovia 蒙罗维尔 利比里亚 非洲

359 Monterrey 蒙特雷 墨西哥 中美

360 Montevideo 蒙得维的亚 乌拉圭 南美

361 Montreal 蒙特利尔 美国 北美

362 Moscow 莫斯科 俄罗斯 欧洲

363 Mostaganem 穆斯塔加奈 阿尔及利亚 非洲

364 Moulmein 毛淡棉 缅甸 东南亚

365 Mozambique 莫桑比克 莫桑比克 东非

366 Mukalla 木卡拉 也门 红海

367 Mumbai 孟买 印度 印度次大陆

368 Murmansk 摩尔曼斯克 俄罗斯 西北欧

369 Muscat 马斯喀特 阿曼 地中海

370 Mutsamudu 木察木杜 科摩罗 东非

371 Nagasaki 长崎 日本 东亚

372 Nagoya 名古屋 日本 东亚

373 Naha 那坝 日本 东亚

374 Nakhodka 纳霍德卡 俄罗斯 欧洲

375 Nampo 南浦 朝鲜 亚洲

376 Nanjing 南京 中国 东亚

377 Nantes 南特 法国 欧洲

378 Nantong 南通 中国 东亚

379 Naoetsu 直江津 日本 东亚

380 Napier 内皮尔 新西兰 澳新线

381 Naples 那不勒斯 意大利 欧洲

382 Nassau 拿骚 巴哈马联邦 中南美

383 Nauru 瑙鲁 瑙鲁 澳新线

384 Nelson 内尔逊 新西兰 澳新线

385 New Amsterdam 新阿姆斯特丹 圭亚那 中南美

386 New Heaven 纽黑文 美国  

387 New Orleans 新奥尔良 美国 北美

388 New Plymouth 新普利默斯 新西兰 澳新线

389 Newark 纽瓦克 美国 北美

390 Newcastle 纽卡斯尔 英国 西北欧

391 Newport 纽波特 英国 西北欧

392 NewYork 纽约 美国 北美

393 Nhava Sheva   印度 印度次大陆

394 Nicosia 新泻 日本 东亚

395 Nicosia 尼科西亚 塞浦路斯  

396 Niigata 新鸿 日本 东亚

397 Ningbo 宁波 中国 东亚

398 Norfolk 诺福克 美国 北美

399 Noro 诺劳 所罗门群岛 澳新线

400 Nouakchott 努瓦克肖特 毛利塔尼亚 非洲

401 Noumea 努美阿 新喀里多尼亚 澳新线

402 Novorossiysk 诺沃西比尔斯克(新西伯利亚) 俄罗斯  

403 Nukualofa 努库阿洛法 汤加 澳新线

404 Oakland 奥克兰 美国 北美

405 Odessa 敖德萨 俄罗斯  

406 Oran 奥兰 阿尔及利亚 非洲

407 Oranjestad 奥腊涅斯塔德 安的列斯 中南美

408 Osaka 大阪 日本 东亚

409 Oslo 奥斯陆 挪威 西北欧

410 Otaru 小樽 日本 东亚

411 Oulu 奥卢 芬兰  

412 Owendo 奥文多 加蓬 西非

413 Padang 巴东 印尼 东南亚

414 Pago Pago 帕果帕果 萨磨亚群岛 澳新线

415 Paita 派塔 秘鲁 中南美

416 Palembang 巨港 印尼 东南亚

417 Panama Canal 巴拿马运河 巴拿马 中南美

418 Panama City 巴拿马城 巴拿马 中南美

419 Papette 帕皮提 塔希提岛 澳新线

420 Paramaribo 帕拉马里博 苏里南 中南美

421 Paranagua 巴拉那瓜 巴西 中南美

422 Penang 槟城 马来西亚 东南亚

423 Perth 珀斯 澳大利亚 澳新线

424 Perth 珀斯 英国 北欧线

425 Philadeiphia 费城 美国 北美

426 Phnom Penh 金边 柬埔寨 东南亚

427 Phoenix 费尼克斯 美国 北美

428 Piraeus 比雷艾夫斯 希腊 地中海

429 Plaia 普拉亚 佛得角  

430 Ploce 普洛切 南斯拉夫  

431 Plymouth 普列茅斯 蒙特塞拉特岛 中南美

432 Pointe des Galets 加莱角 留尼汪岛 东非

433 Pointe Noire 黑角 刚果 非洲

434 Pointe-aPitre 皮特尔角 瓜德罗普岛 中南美

435 Ponce 蓬塞 波多黎各 中南美

436 Pondicherry 本地治里 印度 印度次大陆

437 Pontianak 坤甸 印尼 东南亚

438 Port Adelaide 阿德雷德港 澳大利亚 澳新线

439 Port Castries 卡斯特里港 圣卢西亚 中南美

440 Port Chalmers 查墨斯港 新西兰 澳新线

441 Port Elizabeth 伊丽莎白港 南非 非洲

442 Port Harcourt 哈科特港 尼日利亚 非洲

443 Port Kembla 肯布兰 澳大利亚 澳新线

444 Port Klang 巴生港 马来西亚 东南亚

445 Port Limon 利蒙港 哥斯达黎加 中南美

446 Port Louis 路易港 毛里求斯岛 非洲

447 Port Moresby 莫尔兹比港 巴布亚新几内亚 澳新线

448 Port of Spain 西班牙港 特立尼达和多巴哥 中南美

449 Port Rashid 拉希德港 阿拉伯酋长联合国 地中海

450 Port Said 塞德港 埃及 地中海

451 Port Stanley 斯坦利港 福克兰群岛 中南美

452 Port Sudan 苏丹港 苏丹 地中海

453 Port Suez 苏伊士港 埃及 地中海

454 Port Sultan Qaboos 米纳卡布斯 安曼 地中海

455 Port Victoria 维多利亚港 塞舌尔 东非

456 Port Vila 维拉港 瓦努阿图 澳新线

457 Port-Au-Prince 太子港 海底 中南美

458 Portland 波特兰 美国 北美

459 Porto Novo 波多诺伏 贝宁 西非

460 Portsmouth 朴次茅斯 英国 西北欧

461 Priolo 辟利洛 意大利 地中海

462 Puerto Cabello 卡贝略港 委内瑞拉 中南美

463 Puerto Caldera 卡尔德拉港 哥斯达黎加 中南美

464 Puerto Quetzal 圣胡赛 危地马拉 中南美

465 Punta Arenas 彭塔阿雷纳斯 智利 中南美

466 Puntarenas 彭塔雷纳斯 哥斯达黎加 中南美

467 Qingdao 青岛 中国 东亚

468 Quebec 魁北克 加拿大 北美

469 Rabat 拉巴特 摩洛哥 西非

470 Rabaul 腊包尔港 巴布亚新几内亚 澳新线

471 Rangoon 仰光 缅甸 东南亚

472 Ravenna 拉佛纳 意大利 欧洲

473 Recife 累西腓 巴西 南美

474 Reunion 雷鸟尼翁 留尼汪岛 非洲

475 Reykjavik 雷克雅未克 冰岛 西北欧

476 Riga 里加 拉脱维亚  

477 Rijeka 里耶卡 南斯拉夫 地中海

478 Rio De Janeiro 里约热内卢 巴西 南美

479 Rio Grande 里奥格兰德 巴西 南美

480 Rostock 罗斯托克 德国 西北欧

481 Rotterdam 鹿特丹 荷兰 欧洲

482 Sabang 沙璜 印尼 东南亚

483 Saigon 胡志明市 越南 东南亚

484 Sakaiminato 境港 日本 东亚

485 Sakata 酒田 日本 东亚

486 Salalah 塞拉莱 阿曼 地中海

487 Salvador 萨尔瓦多 巴西 南美

488 San Antonio 圣安东尼奥 智利 南美

489 San Diego 圣迭戈 美姑 北美

490 San Fernando 圣费尔南多 特立尼达和多巴哥 中南美

491 San Francisco 三藩市 美国 北美

492 San Jose 圣胡赛 危地马拉 中美

493 San Juan 圣胡安 波多黎各 中美

494 San Juan del Sur 南圣胡安 尼加拉瓜 中南美

495 San Lorenzo 圣洛伦索 洪都拉斯 中美

496 San Tome 圣多美 圣多美和普林西比 西非

497 San Tome 圣多美 巴西 南美

498 Sandakan 山打根 马来西亚 东南亚

499 Sandwich 桑德威奇 英国 欧洲

500 Santa Cruz 圣克鲁斯 加那利群岛 西非

501 Santa Cruz del Sur 南圣克鲁斯 古巴 中南美

502 Santiago 圣地亚哥 佛得角 西非

503 Santiago 圣地亚哥 古巴 中南美

504 Santo 圣吐 瓦努阿图 澳新线

505 Santo Domingo 圣多明各 多明及加共和国 中美

506 Santos 桑托斯 巴西 南美

507 Savannah 萨凡纳 美国 北美

508 Savona 萨沃纳 意大利 欧洲

509 Seattle 西雅图 美国 北美

510 Semarang 三宝垄 印尼 东南亚

511 Shanghai 上海 中国 东亚

512 Sharjah 沙迦 阿拉伯酋长联合国 地中海

513 Shekou 蛇口 中国 东亚

514 Shimizu 清水 日本 东亚

515 Shuidong 水东 中国 东亚

516 Sibu 诗巫 马来西亚 东南亚

517 Sihanoukville 西哈努克城 柬埔寨 东南亚

518 Singapore 新加坡 新加坡 东南亚

519 Skikda 斯克基达 阿尔及利亚 非洲

520 Sofiya 索非亚 保加利亚 地中海

521 Songkhla 宋卡 马来西亚 东南亚

522 Southampton 南安普敦 英国 欧洲

523 Split 斯普利特 南斯拉夫 地中海

524 Sri Racha   泰国 东南亚

525 St. Thomas 圣托马斯 维尔京群岛 中南美

526 St.Denis 圣但尼 留尼汪岛 东非

527 St.George‘s 圣乔治 格林纳达 中南美

528 St.Georges 圣乔治 百慕大群岛 中南美

529 St.John 圣约翰 加拿大 北美

530 St.John's 圣约翰斯 安提瓜和巴布达 中南美

531 St.Lawrence 圣劳伦斯 加拿大 北美

532 ST.Louis 圣路易斯 美国 北美

533 St.Petersburg 圣彼得堡 俄罗斯  

534 Stavanger 斯塔万格 挪威 西北欧

535 Stockholm 斯德哥尔摩 瑞典 西北欧

536 Suez 苏伊士 埃及 红海

537 Sur 苏尔 黎巴嫩 地中海

538 Surabaya 泗水 印尼 东南亚

539 Suva 萨瓦 斐济群岛 澳新线

540 Swansea 斯旺西 英国 西北欧

541 Sydney 悉尼 澳大利亚 澳新线

542 Szczecin 什切青 波兰 西北欧

543 Tabaco 塔巴科 菲律宾 东南亚

544 Tacoma 塔科马 美国 北美

545 Tai Chung 台中 中国 东亚

546 Taibei 台北 中国 东亚

547 Takoradi 塔利拉迪 加纳 非洲

548 Tallin 塔林 爱沙尼亚  

549 Tamatave 塔马塔夫 马达加斯加 非洲

550 Tampa 坦帕 美国  

551 Tampico 坦皮科 墨西哥 中美

552 Tandjungpriok 丹绒不碌 印尼 东南亚

553 Tanga 坦加 坦桑尼亚 非洲

554 Tangier 丹吉尔 摩洛哥 地中海

555 Taranto 塔兰托 意大利  

556 Tarawa 塔拉瓦 基里巴斯 澳新线

557 Tatus 塔尔图斯 叙利亚  

558 Tauranga 陶朗阿 新西兰 澳新线

559 Tawau 斗湖 马来西亚 东南亚

560 Tel Aviv 特拉维夫 以色列 地中海

561 Tema 特马 加纳 非洲

562 Thamesport 泰晤士港 英国 欧洲

563 Thessalonikli 塞萨洛尼基 希腊 地中海

564 Tianjin 天津 中国 东亚

565 Tijuana 蒂华纳 墨西哥 中美

566 Timaru 蒂马鲁 新西兰 澳新线

567 Tjirebon 井里汶 印尼 东南亚

568 Toamasina 图阿以西纳 马达加斯加  

569 Tokuyama 德山 日本 东亚

570 Tokyo 东京 日本 东亚

571 Toleary 图莱亚尔 马达加斯加  

572 Tomakomai 占小牧 日本 东亚

573 Toronto 多伦多 美国 北美

574 Toulor 土伦 法国 地中海

575 Toyama 富山 日本 东亚

576 Trazon 特拉布宗 土耳其 地中海

577 Trieste 德里亚斯特 意大利 欧洲

578 Trincomalee 亭可马里 斯里兰卡  

579 Tripoli 的黎波里 利比亚 非洲

580 Trujillo 特鲁希略 洪都拉斯 中美

581 Tsuruga 敦贺 日本 东亚

582 Tumaco 图马科 哥伦比亚 中南美

583 Tunis 突尼斯 突尼斯 非洲

584 Turku 图尔库 芬兰 西北欧

585 Tuticorin 杜蒂戈林 印度 印度次大陆

586 Ulsan 蔚山 南韩 亚洲

587 Umm Said 乌姆赛义德 卡塔尔 波斯湾

588 Ushuais 乌斯怀亚 阿根廷 南美

589 Vaasa 瓦萨 芬兰  

590 Valenxia 瓦伦西亚 西班牙 地中海

591 Valletta 瓦莱塔 马耳他  

592 Valona 法罗拉 阿尔巴尼亚  

593 Valparaiso 瓦尔帕莱索 智利 南美

594 Vancouver 温哥华 美国 北美

595 Varna 瓦尔纳 保加利亚 地中海

596 Vasa 瓦沙 芬兰 西北欧

597 Venice 威尼斯 意大利 欧洲

598 Veracruz 韦腊克鲁斯 墨西哥  

599 Victoria 维多利亚 塞舌尔,加拿大  

600 Vila 维拉港 瓦努阿图 澳新线

601 Visby 维斯比 瑞典 西北欧

602 Vladivostok 符拉迪沃斯托克 俄罗斯  

603 Walvis Bay 沃尔维斯湾 纳米比亚 西非

604 Wellington 惠灵顿 新西兰 澳新线

605 Wenzhou 温州 中国 东亚

606 Wewak 威瓦克 巴布亚新几内亚 澳新线

607 Willemstad 威廉斯塔德 安的列斯(荷属)  

608 Wismar 维斯马 德国 西北欧

609 Wonsan 元山 朝鲜  

610 Xiamen 厦门 中国  

611 Yalta 雅尔塔 俄罗斯 地中海

612 Yantai 烟台 中国 东亚

613 Yokohama 横滨 日本 东亚

614 Zanzibar 桑给巴尔 坦桑尼亚  

615 Zhanjiang 湛江 中国  

616 Zhuhai 珠海 中国